InfoDialogue (2004, Barcelona Forum)

June 25, 2009

BCN2004, InfoDialogue From May 19 to 21, 2004 Information. Power and Ethics in the 21st Century

Program Wednesday, May 19

From 8.00 AM Accreditation of participants (participants may choose to register for one, two or three days).

10.45-11.30 Opening Ceremony Jaume Pagès, CEO of the Universal Forum of Cultures – Barcelona 2004. Joan Brunet, Acting Dean of the Catalonian Journalists Association. Elisenda Roca, Vice-Dean of the Catalonian Journalists Association and President of the Association’s Forum Commission. Manuel Campo Vidal, Dialogue Director.

McBride Report - freedom of info is sine qua non communication

Ethics should be keystone of our profession

Iraqi pictures –without cell phones or digital camera, would not have had this info.

Have been no vitos against groups. Total freedom in this dialogue. EMPHASISES.

Forum gave budget for 30 speakers, but found this was not enough – needed more speakers - we will have 121 communications over next 3 days.

Mustapha Masmoudi, writer of the McBride report. - emphasised ethics

11.30-13.00 Opening face-to-face session: Information and Misinformation in the Wake of 9/11 Opening - though moving towards info soc, is inc. stratification

Manuel Castells, Sociologist, Senior Lecturer at the Open University of Catalonia (UOC). - Links between info, media, and power, since 9/11 - Main links between politics and media o In info age, politics (broad) play preponderant role in media o Politics decided in media (not that media decide), but where the links between worlds of power are generated (presence and absence, on and off) o Present in media are materials with which we build our opinions, what isn’t there isn’t something we build upon o Sole material on which can elaborate is info that is received through media (collective comm. Processes) o What is imp is not direct messages, but subliminal ones o Certain versions of facts become important o Negative messages 5 times more powerful than positive - Day to day praxis, disting between amateur and professionals - Journalists have complex task - 3 separate strategies for 3 different audiences o independence (not for prof ethics or dignity, but because cannot be autonomy without it) o tension between sensationalism and rigorousness: in search for prestige and enhance negotiating influence, this means that is tension between info that can improve career (scoops, etc – more negative), bad news is the only news, in conflict with seriousness o keep your job: how make this compatible for scoop and search for independence - media companies need to sell, of course –not necessarily earn money (for votes) - also media companies want an impact on area of comm. - From media company’s perspective, basic tension between carrying out task to have influ to sell and apply interest and retaining credibility o If lose credibility, are devirtued – deprived of characs - What is analytical context between power and media - Varies between countries (institioanly, commercially) - First, most countries, main point of media is direct or indirect control ofgovernment of media o In Spain, control by gov or govs - How have public sector tv that is not governmental tv? - Need statute for independence of public sector media o In countries like England before Blair, BBC was upto a point was good model, but in most other countries, certainly including spain, this matter is unsolved o In recent years Spanish tv has broken all records of prestige (or is it opposite) - Having a media that is controlled is something that people have endeavoured to resolve o So called Berlesconi model • Ie. If I have my own stations, etc, then solve credibility problem • Prevent people from watching anything else, but clearly more complex than this – lead to political crisis o Franco – got info out of regime and not from Pirenaico station - Murdoch group leading example of giving specific view o Chosen to go for conservative sector o As little info as possible and as much manipulation as possible • Particularly for Fox News in US (a patriotic medium) and will eject any journalist who dissents - Links between politics and media are complex - Sometimes change in gov that means media must accept more pluralism - Pluralism of info and constant management of medium’s credibility and respect for prof independence, are critical - As such, here big q is how produce industry that can represent interest of country and yet be credible - Of course, is subtext – there is no company whose interest is pure o Doesn’t exist, empirically – and info to prove it - Thus, complex reasons for why info is biased, without being corrupt - Embedded journalists – ‘in bed with journalists’ (translated! Joke) - Either embedded for story or for journalist’s protection - Other implication is that if not embedded, you’re in danger - Andcant be that many pure accidents that so many have been hurt - How does all this tie in with 911? o 1. politics managed in media and similarly wars are won and lost in counries that make decisions about military • wars won and lost in minds of men • US, since Vietnam, obsession with how to wager a war that is not lost in way that Vietnam was lost in minds of US • How do job as military power without rebellion - Latest book argues: o Iraq war began long before 911. o 911 combination of circumstances that bush admin grasped to launch new form of geopolitics and info and comm. That would enable new geopolitics o there are those that say electrions don’t matter? But look at US, radical change from Clinton to Bush – no interntional experience, illuminated by religious fervour and surrounded by v articulate and serious intellectuals (neo-cons – neo conservative), but these people are really leaders of a strategy tha has been developed for over 15 yrs now – devel by Richard Pearl o it goes back 30 years o a philosopher who was influ here?? Who? o Direct line from series of professors – eg levi strauss who influ this o Our values are so fragile that when have to be ruthless must be ruthless to defend them o Bush admin saw 911 opp to mobilise eth that would be different to achieve, and launched misinfo campaign and pressure on media o Create conditions so that media would provide desired info and make poss to launch war – much of it was lies o But media manip has limits – e.g political pluralism, civil society, new technology enviro where horizontal comm. Such as email, internet, and sms can influ o Most recent events in world and spain is coming against resistance from civil soc – this happened in US – coffins of dead coming home – first on internet o But if observe media and what Bush, Aznar, and Rumsfelt – counter strategy is to deny evidence and repeat, and also to step up fear policy (i.e. if people scrared will allow gov. to continue)

at 1pm, exhibitions open in hall.

Intro to Salima 60 dead journalists from 1993 in Algeria She learned to live in fear, from time as editor of La Nacion, since closed down by gov. She was part of fem movement in 1980s and in 1984 only editor of newspaper, she later became editor of. La Nacion considered editor of year She is currently living in a country in flames and warns against ideological trap - either with me or against me she wants to raise obvious q: isn’t there a different way of doing things she also talks about a spectator – who is constituted by blood – impotence and fear in Mexico, similar situation

Salima Ghezali, Editor of La Nation (Algeria). - agree with what Castells says, but why in public opinion, we are so little in agreement? - The imposition of states and gov on media prevent this - Although democratic soc tries to fight against pressure, do not manage to do so in democractic or non-democratic soc - Why do people who struggle between this force, not seem to gird themselves with necessary force to carry out struggle successfully - 11-M is good example - we were caught in a trap of silence after 911, not because of censorship, but because there are subjective data that influ this sitn that make it difficult to understand and place in historical context - when 3 mins of silence for 911, was demonstration in Brussels. Was demonstration for victims. Other demonstrations did not make the headlines in way that 3 min silence did. Why? - We had a silence that strikes us when we see this imbalance of forces, for fear of being misunderstood - When commited journalist, we are not always as vigilant or as professional (there’s no professionalism in ethics) not as equipped in moments of strong emotion - Many journalists, including those who work in most politically correct media, who, from ethical point of view are respectable, but nevertheless struggle - Different to find intellectual interlocuters - What do I have in common with the person whose policies I am contesting? o This is basic for 911, but also means that, if in US or Europe, was more than an event that happened in US, if was a moment when something happened, as a Westerner, there was nothing new there - Leaving aside gigantic nature of event, or it being live, eth that comes from US that has this massive nature - Emotional shock, the earthquake in mankind’s vision of world which happened in the ‘west’ did not happen for me (and a good part of mankind), where violence is a day-to-day issue - If in arab and muslim societies – the media focused on US and Arab world, we hve not seen reactions from rest of the world on this – it came later after meeting in Durben – HR and racism - From journalist point of view, as fars as 911 concerned, main protagonists were US with cultural prolongation and knaivance and Europe and part arab countries - Rest of world irrelevant - When it comes to choosing comm. Gives rise to manip. - After 911 that strategy or theory on clash of civilisations much more underlined today than it was before - Must know where this choice will lead us - Even htough describe facts, not always objective - Sometimes go against ethics of info that will help people to become free - Why was 911 not an event for Algeria? o Eth that was put in place after 911, had already been put in place by gov in Algeria o This possibility is everywhere in world o In Europe (except spain), do not perceive embryonic war, which is great factor elsewhere in world - People imagine that soc in Algeria is such a different society, but this is often misleading - Current sitn in which we are, need to comm. Quickly, by defending it. - We must go quick and don’t give people chance to understand message - Before Patriot Act in Algeria, we had own law concerning info, never adopted by gov - But media did give voice to it and was v good propaganda weapon - Gave greater powers to security services - Media silent about what was happening in Algerian prisons - There is a way in which can form public opinion and the media is there depending on political interest - Too often, journalists in good faith participate in dissemination of forming of opinion on single piece of info - Is extrememely difficult to stand back to what we get when things are so oppressive - Have we really advanced? What do we need to do to become culturally vaccinated - Refusal of universal.

DEBATE From Chair for Catells – how can fight against misinformation?

Response: - articles in New Yorker this month have done more to change preventive war than anything - first time in history, we now have electronic real-time media that are v hard to control indeed

floor: Daniel gooling - for Castells, has sketched out a triangle in which media operate and that always will be vested interests. - Universal objective truth is impossible, everyone has own truth - Germany reunited now for 15 years, this happened through freedom of info, but quality depends on whose looking - In Europe, free circ of persons, goods, and capital, but no free circ of info o E.g. pay tv subject to borders - Ask forum to draw up an action plan to ensure no more walls in Europe that might be higher than Berlin wall was. - Who is responsible within Forum 2004 to draw up action plan to guarantee freedom of info?

Response: Castells -

Chair: Rossana Fuentes-Berain, Deputy Director of the Spanish edition of Foreign Affairs.

13.00-15.00 Lunch

15.00-16.30 Parallel Sessions

New Information Networks in Crisis Situations: From 9/11 to 3/11 Magda Bandera, journalist and writer. Cory Doctorow, European Coordinator of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). Belarmino García, Director General of Amena Daniel Gavela, Director General of Cadena SER Chair: Vicent Partal, Editor of VilaWeb

Barcelona, 25 Years after the McBride Report Mustapha Masmoudi, Writer of the McBride Report Josep Gifreu, Communications Professor of the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Chair: Marcial Murciano, Dean of the Communication Sciences School at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)

Who Guarantees the Quality of Information? Rosa María Calaf, journalist. Vicent Sanchis, Editor of Avui. Paolo Serventi-Longhi, Secretary General of the National Federation of Italian Journalists. Philippe Thureau-Dangin, Editor of Courrier International. José Vidal Beneyto, sociologist, essayist, Director of the Collège des Hautes Études Européenes Miguel Servet. Chair: Salvador Alsius, Professor of the UPF.

16.30-17.00 Coffee Break

17.00-18.30 Parallel Sessions

Political Power, Ethics and Information Marc Carrillo, Professor of Constitutional Law at UPF. Adela Cortina, Professor of Ethics and Political Philosophy at the University of Valencia. María Elena Gronemeyer, Dean of the School of Journalism at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Mª Dolores Massana, President of Reporters without Borders Spain. Julián Santamaría, Professor of Political Sciences and former Spanish Ambassador to the USA. Chair: Antonio Franco, Editor of El Periódico de Catalunya.

Reporting from the Basque Country Carmen Gurruchaga, journalist at Antena 3. Petxo Idoiaga, Lecturer in Journalism at the Basque Country University. Gorka Landaburu, Editor of the weekly publication Aldaketa Hamasei. Martxelo Otamendi, Editor of Berria. Chair: Antoni Batista, journalist.

19.00–20.30 Media Concentration in Spain (plenary session) José María Bergareche, Vice-President and CEO of Vocento Group. Juan Luis Cebrián, Director General of the Prisa Group. Javier Godó, President of the Godó Group. Asís Martín de Cabiedes, Executive President of the news agency Europa Press. Alfonso Sánchez-Tabernero, Dean of the School of Communication Sciences at the University of Navarra. Chair: Manuel Campo Vidal, Dialogue Director.

20.30-21.00 The TV as an “educational weapon” (By El Club de la Comedia)

Thursday, May 20

10.00–11.30 Parallel Sessions

The Risk of ‘Infotainment’ Daniel Elíes, Director of publications at Edipresse. Jordi García Candau, Director of Radio Televisión Castilla-La Mancha. Miguel Ángel Liso, Publishing and Communications Director at Zeta Group. Josep Mòdol, Lecturer in Sociology at the Universitat de Lleida. Danny Schechter, executive Editor of Media Channel. Chair: Margarita Rivière, journalist and writer

Journalism in Conflict Areas Annabel McGoldrick, journalist and co-founder of the Conflict and Peace Forums. Robert Menard, Secretary General of Reporters without Frontiers. Gloria Helena Rey, Colombian journalist. Bru Rovira, reporter at La Vanguardia. Mogens Schmidt, Deputy Assistant Director-General for Communication and Information Sector, UNESCO Chair: Xavier Giró, Lecturer in Political Journalism at the UAB

11.30-12.00 Coffee Break

12.00-13.30 Parallel Sessions Media Concentration in the United States Rossana Fuentes-Berain, Deputy Director of the Spanish edition of Foreign Affairs. Tai Moses, Senior Editor of AlterNet. Jerry Starr, Executive Director of Citizens for Independent Public Broadcasting. Danny Schechter, Executive Editor of Media Channel. Chair: Llúcia Oliva, journalist.

Those Excluded from Information Oumama Aouad, Lecturer in the Spanish Department at the University of Mohammed V in Rabat. Ambar de Barros, UNESCO Coordinator in São Paolo and founder of MIDIATIVA. Joan Cal, Executive Editor of the daily Segre. Joaquim Ibarz, correspondent in Latin America for La Vanguardia. Rafael Xambó, head of the Sociology Department of the Universoty of Valencia. Xinran Xue, Chinese journalist and writer. Chair: Juan Carlos Salazar del Barrio, Head of the International Service in Spanish of the German news agency DPA.

13.30-15.00 Lunch

15.00-16.30 Parallel Sessions

Threats to the Profession José Antich, Editor of La Vanguardia. Lluís Bassets, Assistant-Editor of El País. David Randall, Assistant Editor of The Independent on Sunday (GB). Bieito Rubido, Editor of La Voz de Galicia. Aidan White, Secretary General of the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ). Chair: Rosa Massagué, journalist.

Global versus Local Information Dima Jatib, roving reporter of Al Jazeera. Rafael Marques, journalist, representative of the Open Society Initiative for the south of Africa in Angola. Jordi Busquets, Editor of El Punt. Albert Alcouloubre Jr., Director of Social Planning and Projects for O Globo. Chair: Joan Tapia, Director General of Barcelona Televisió (BTV).

16.30–17.00 Coffee Break

17.00-18.30 Parallel Sessions

Towards a Redefinition of Public Media Carmen Cafarell, Director General of RTVE. Rafael Camacho, Director General of Radio Televisión de Andalucía. Joan Majó, Director General of the Catalan Radio and Television Corporation (CCRTV). Enric Marín, Lecturer in Communication at the UAB and member of the Audiovisual Council of Catalonia (CAC). Jerry Starr, Executive Director of Citizens for Independent Public Broadcasting Representative of the BBC. Chair: Enric Sopena, journalist

19.00-20.30 Face-to-face session: The Divide between Journalists and Society Iñaki Gabilondo, Director of the radio show Hoy por Hoy, Cadena Ser. Pilar Bardem, actress. Chair: Elisenda Roca

Friday, May 21

10.00-11.30 Parallel Sessions

A Critical Look at the Academy and the Profession Fernando González Urbaneja, President of the Press Association of Madrid. Josep Maria Martí, Director of the MBA programme of Radio Companies. Amparo Moreno, Professor in the History of Communication at the UAB. Pernille Morkhagen, journalist and representative of Norwegian Journalists’ Union. Chair: Mònica Terribas, Journalist and Vice Dean of the School of Journalism at UPF.

Training and Educating about Information from Childhood Fabricio Caivano, journalist and expert on the subject of education. Francesc Escribano, Director of TV de Catalunya (TVC). Daoud Kuttab, Director of the Institute of Modern Media, Al Quds University. Peter Mackler, Senior Correspondent at France Presse. Chair: Lolo Rico, journalist.

11.30-12.00 Coffee Break

12.00-13.30 Parallel Sessions

Another Type of Information is Possible Francesco Diasio, European representative of the World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC). Alex Masllorens, journalist. Tai Moses, Senior Editor of AlterNet Chair: Arcadi Oliveres, Economics Professor at the UAB

Women in the Media Dima Jatib, roving reporter at Al Jazeera. Anna Politkovskaya, Russian journalist. Montserrat Puig, President of the Association of Women Journalists of Catalonia. Xinran Xue, Chinese journalist and writer. Chair: Montserrat Minobis, Director of Catalunya Radio

13.30-15.00 Lunch

15.00-16.30 Parallel Sessions

Italia: dalle mani pulite alla mano unica Giuliano Ferrara, Director of the newspaper Il Foglio and advisor to Silvio Berlusconi. Enric Juliana, former correspondent in Italy. Rosa Massagué, former correspondent in Italy.

Documentaries

17.00-18.30 Face-to-face session: Journalism: Fiction or Subversion Intro to Nair Anita Nair, Indian writer. - introduction of fiction into journalism is unacceptable (ME: not sure she really gets the point) - literature more than journalism has capacity to bring about change - with journalism, memory is short-term - ME: underestimates the historical value of news - Literature subtley chooses details and put them together in such a way that you still require the imaginative process - News is met with cynicism – ME: ok. It is not art. What an insight! - ME: writing comes from her own thinking. She is wasting our time.

Juan José Millás, writer and journalist. - imagination transform reality - while there are structures in news production, people construct their own ‘papers’ by reading in a particular order. - What tells us more lit or newspaper? o Marx: read novelist rather than historians - Why can novels do this? o Because lit is more representative than newspaper or historian - Symbolic and iconic in literature - These are texts that come fruited with reality - ‘I sell empty gas bottle’ o tells more about state of country than an editorial - we think we are informed because we have a lot of data, but this needs articulation - Knowledge and Info Society not making us more informed, does not give us knowledge o Need to know how to fashion this data o In a novel, there is processed information and better representativeness

Chair - umberto eco: flood of info does not take us anywhere o ME: this argument about info soc seems, in part, misrepresentative. More information is really a different kind of info

Juan Jose - often newspaper is incorrect, more info happens during inight that changes context - so why buy paper?

Anita - lots of people read sport first, even though they know result - most people know that news is … the peripheries of news more grounded in reality than national news

Chair - more about potential of lit to change things - eg. ‘Lady’s coupe’? Changed things?

Anita - was invited by British Council to attend concert - Yes: and for this reason, must be cautious and responsible

Chair - jose, do you agree

Joan Jose - annoyed at people who say it changes nothing

ME: this is really boring. These people need to read some critical studies on literature

Chair: Concha García Campoy, journalist.

18.30-19.00 Homage to victims who have fought and fight to protect freedom of expression Chair: will remember 16 lost journalists, 1 from Al Jazzera happened just today - Joan Baron: o People don’t want a show in their press, they want truth o Picture, uniformed arm covering camera lens, so policeman’s hand on lens, so a particular image that world should see that is prohibited o Why is it that this picture always includes a hand with a uniformed sleeve? o Because freedom of info still haven’t been achieved o Rel between music and military music is rel between justice and militerary justice and info is same. Military info is different

Now have reprentative from Al Jazzera - thanks Forum for everything

Chair now parents of Ricardo Ortega – a nother lost journalists

the mother - son wanted to know the truth - journalist was in Haiti - being a journalist made him a target - Eduardo galleano

Not SURE

Carlos Sentis, Dean of Catalonian Press Assoc. - remind of journalist’s school - when franco was alive, press was said as parliament on paper - press assoc created a real parliament - professional code came out during his years - not us and now struggling for freedom of press, this is the will and what journlalists of this country want to do

Josep Parnou - this will give rise to Barcelona declaration to give testimony to the world - at a time when more obstacles on info, Pentagon has tried not to have images broadcast of coffins that arrived home, to prevent people seeing real harshness of war - Rumsfeldt claimed that publication could contravene Geneva convention - NYT and Washington Post stood on side of freedom of press - In future, in Barcelona, also need to make voice heard as a city

Salvador Alsius - when listening to Joan Jose, his way of putting things is such that he thought he was about to convince me that there were no limits to jouirnalism - I believe that throughout live, people working in this recog limits between advertising/journalism and fiction and information and ‘infortainment’ - ‘don’t learn eth from fathers of profession, but - ‘as long as there is someone in the world meeting and talking and saying ‘warning’ lets talk softer so journalists do not hear, this profession has a meaning - need to encourage and maintain this meaning and space

Monserrat Misnovis, another Dean of Press Assoc. - difficult to respond to video - how satisfied I am at intensity of dialogue over last 3 days - moved by testimonies of those who have died - must take up torch and defend something that has greatest meaning in world

Joan Brunet, Current interim dean of Barcelona Pres Assoc. - we recognise that worthwhile making effort to organise dialogue - when opened debate, were doubtful that anything positive would come out of it - Catalonian Press Assoc now taken on task of creating Observatory - World Information Rights Watch - Commit to disseminating conclusions and Manifesto of Barcelona - Everything we have heard here will not be forgotten

Chair (Custo woman!) - reps of international press assoc. - Salim Asigali Raphael Marquez

Manuel Campo now with two other people who have been behind scenes, Pilar Estevez - Definitive version of draft 30 june. Modifications possible before then. - other dialogues can add on their own comments

1. in framework of dialogue, journalists writers

communication is fundamental right… (frm McBride report) in name of war on terrorism, new forms of censorship have emerged. This only aggravates and creates misunderstands

2. time come for basic rights to be fulfilled

3. denounce all forms of protection for all journalists urgent need for legal and labour protection of people in media denounce situations of precarious employment violates all forms of ethics

5. claim rights to difference and social minorities

6. endorse 2nd of mcbride report conclusions devel countries whose dependency needs reduction

Rights watch will be based in Barcelona

19.00-19.30 Reading of Conclusions and Barcelona’s Manifesto A proposal for the creation of the World Information Rights Watch José Saramago, Nobel Prize

Other events - Film cycle on journalism at the Filmoteca de Catalunya (May 17-June 6) Avinguda de Sarrià, 33. Barcelona - Media concentration maps from around the world - Exhibition “The four days that changed Spain: March 11th – March 14th” - Exhibition on “Barcelona on War (1936-1939)” - Photographs from the Prestige catastrophe

Computer and Video Games for Learning Forum (2003, Glasgow)

June 25, 2009

Computer and Video Games for Learning ForumSCROLLA, Dec 15, 2003-12-15

Knowledge bases for e-learning National and global cross-sector collaboration Grounded blue-sky research for development of educational practice

Games and learning

:good video games have a powerful way of making players consciously aware of some of their previously assumed models about learning itself” “Good video games incorporate good learning principle, otherwise noone would buy them”

–James McGee

do games change communities’ cultural fixers?

Jon Sykes

Intro to emotion laboratory - post-grad in Game Development (2002); intake twice a year - Undergraduate in Game Development (2003) (first year) - Development: Zen Warrier (pre-production; fight game) Pocket Tactics: Mutant Heroes (production; mobile game for Nokia); - Research: eMotion (2004); £250,000 for lab o Multidisciplinary (computing, psych, physiotherapy – cf. Micrsoft labs, Seattle) o Also have motion capture suite (emotions through movement) o ‘To investigate emotional engagement with technology’ Why we should consider game-based learning - It is a fun and motivating way to learn o Learning does not have to be dull - Why game based o Play is NOT a trivial activity • Most successful people play a lot • Brian Sutton Smith (without play, no reason to live) • Art, theatre

- Learning through play is not ‘dumbing down’ - Ubiquitous play = ubiquitous learning o Mobile gaming: phones, PDAs o Game Boy advance; Sony o Satellite TV o DVD o Aircraft o Internet

The use of games in the classroom - As a reward o 60-70% use games as reward - subverting the play experience o content mixed with game - nurturing the play experience o Sim City (transferable skills about project organisation, resourcing) o Battlefield (team based playing skills) • Kids coming out of school, not good at playing as team or communicating (GOV REPORT) - Learning as a game designer o Get student to develop a game about Vikings • Need to study Vikings, etc o By doing research, can learn about the subject (Julia Robertson, Edinburgh University) - Facilitate interaction and collaboration

What are the immediate challenges and research goals? - THEORY o Devise theoretical frameworks • Educational, psychological, sociological, bringing together play and learning experience • Maintain play while learning - JUSTIFICATION o No experimental studies, field, studies and case studies demonstrating suitability of digital games in classroom - TECHNIQUES o Don’t know how to design digital games for learning o How to evaluate digital game-based learning?

DISCUSSION

Defn of good games - 44 of all games each year make money: 37 of them are sports – re-license o only 7 games are new and different! o Only 4% of all games are ‘good’ commercially

Good game principles

ME: licensing and development of games that are related to mainstream culture - e.g. Harry Potter game for education only

Tim Smith - commercial aspects imp in terms of technical capacity - build educational games on commercial model o Used UnReal Tournament to teach social and ethical skills

Kirk Ramsay Learn Direct Scotland - used UnReal engine for adult learners - context of players - first job of games is engagement - history of digital games and elearning, started with same people at same time - games provide a feedback mechanism of being good at something - games as mechanism to introduce people to other aspects of learning

Alan Durndell (adu@gcal.ac.uk) - gendered nature of game-playing

Fiona Liddleton (edinburgh Uni) - McGraw Hill game to draw up business plan

SUMMARY

Who is the person in the game: indiv or avatar?

MeCCSA (2003)

June 25, 2009

MeCCSA 2003 Notes Hypertexts, virtual spaces and dance: producing cultural heterogeneity or world standards on the internet Pietrobruno, Sheenagh

ME: CONTACT GREG DOWNEY

Dances have been discovered, globalised or ‘established’ through Internet Salsa and Transnationalism – broader context

Case: Salsa

Dance is a lived corporeal expression – cannot be regulated by rules

Internet facilitates process of standardisation Previously, only as performances – not written down

Elizabeth Eizenstein

Internet displaces cultural links

Cultural globalisation

Airports, shopping malls, internet, etc – world spaces

Internet not really a space but a metaphor

Cyberspace as a global city

Internet as a city – Jennifer light

Global city as means of commodity exchange

Cyberspace absorbs urban and national expression

Way in which this takes place can be shown by development of salsa

Internet is city in miniature – real life cities becoming more dangerous – internet seen as safer, more comfortable city - ME: not sure….chatting to death, Pro-Ana, cyber-hacking, pornographic spam

In cyberspace, less sense of connectedness to others – less responsibility

How can internet be viewed as minature space, if so vast

REF: (see abstract) –

Virtual space of internet relates to thjis

David holmes – virtual spaces as phenomenological spaces

Fantasy and imagination – create the Internet as space - imagine we are connected to something vast and real

virtuality: Miller and Slater – Not an assumed feature of internet, but rather a social accomplishment

salsaweb.com - what is salsa? Mambo in disguise?

Torontosalsa.com - discussion about standardisation of salsa

imagining of cyberspace as global city contributes…

Pierre Levy – cyberspace returns us to preliterate, but at different level

As users in same space, no messages out of context

Encourage corporatisation

LeFevbre – space is result and cause – product and producer Cf. Internet produced by web naviagators Seeks revitalisation of cities

Since jan 2002, net users responded to debates of origin of salsa - whether north American styles can compare to ‘more authentic’ Cuban and Columbian salsa internet concretising debates that have previously been an oral discourse

but also records these debates

dissemination of discourse

ME: BUT THE INTERNET DEBATE IS A TEMPORAL DEBATE – IS THE WEB ARCHIVE SAFE? IS THE IMPORTANT FACET, THE CYBERSPACE OR THE COMMUNITY ENGAGED IN THE DEBATE?

Will dissemination lead to standardisation?

Computer games and female audiences. A study on the myth of the boy gamer Moschini, Elena

Background of research Myth of boy gamer Evidence of female and adult audiences How female audiences reinterpret t gaming experience End of the myth of the boy gamer?

Review of game magazines: edge, Games TM, Playstation 2 official mag, Moble games Review of official stats,by DRI, ELSPA, ESA, IDGA Revie of main online gaming resources: gamasutra.com, womengamers.com, gamegoddesses.com Academic literature Game design literature Interviewers with women game designers, producers, players

Game-based learning interest!

Why researching adult and female gamers? Lack of research on female and adult gamers Need of industry to expand t customer base Need to ustd audiences to design more inclusive games Future of women in game industry (now an opportunity for women to get into the community – ME: HOW EXACTLY? WHY NOW)

diff bw game audiences and game customers

huge presence of women players across platforms

industry bases its strategy on myth of boy gamer

audience is not primarily male, nor juvenile

Who Plays Computer and Video Games? - ESA survey dispute by some exponents - Chris Crawford: Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics - IGDA London many game designers have expressed doubts on existence or relevance of female audiences.

Myth of boy gamer - constructed and perpetuated by game industry and media via: o tone/style and content in game mags o game ads, commercial • e.g. difficulty of having a ‘game’ in Cosmopolitan magazine o representation of women in games o structure of game industry o representation of games in media Game Mags - survey published in 2003, Official Playstation 2 Mag – ‘unanswereable’ y number of femal readers - same magazine recently introduced t ‘rate your mate’ comp and awards ‘handbags’ to t worst reader letter - games mags often shelved alongside porn mags

Guild Riden ame Mom

“When I get to play, I feel guilty. I feel guilty about not spending t ‘available’ time with my children, on housework…even plucking my eyebrows…How come my husband doesn’t ffeel like that?” - http://www.womengamers.com

Represn of women in game - more adv games now feature strong female charcs - deisgned to attract male audience - many games do not represent women at all or relegate them to secondary or diminishing roles

Women reinterpet gaming experiences - women download or prod patches to change gender of characters - women create online femal only enviros - women play in groups (one controller, others advising; not all players) - women gamers exchange ideas, experience, and reviews on female gamers websites

Genderinclusive game design? - game designers and researchers divided on this issue - game deisgn for women reflect stereotype of women preferring non-violent co-operative games - hwr, certain games seem to attract stronger female audiences: Sims, strategy and adventure games, RPG o ME: AGAIN, WHAT ARE OUR PARAMETRES OF GAME HERE?

Women in game industry - few girls - few female role models - networking is imp, but industry is male-dominated - imp to be a gamer, possibly a hard gamer (PERHAPS ‘THE’ ISSUE)

Alternative game audiences? - v imp part of audiences missing -

Sat 9am

Towards an understanding of vernacular cinema Koven, Mikel

Italian giallo (yellow) films Disting Mass and popular cinema - 3 classes of cinema

unlikely to have heard of vernacular cinema – performed one night only would eventually get first class status – e.g. fist full of dollars

voodoo dolls (nb)

Armando Crispiano Macchie Solari (trans. Autopsy, 1973)

Ill Gatto…. Cat o’ nine tails – genetic and criminality

Four Flies on Grey Velvet Lewontin – claims about link to criminality and genes discredited Yet, the belief in this in Alien – penal coloney is for double Y chromosome inmates

New developments in the realm of the senses: film studies meets neuroscience Synmoie, Donovan

Cognitive Film Theory Philosophy Turn to neuroscience, concerned with m/b

Cultural and media studies tend towards popular forms

Brain being like a computer Cognitive turn interfaces with Bordwell and Carroll and need for more rigorous account for how people encounter moving image

Film theory allows productive interdisciplinarity. Meaning as negotiation rather than effect

Cinemergencies: Deleuze and machinic abstraction in cinemas Dowd, Garin

Politics take place in place : redistribution of the sensible

Abstract machine Techne

The textual engineering of ‘Zeitgeist Monstrosity’: appropriations of genetics in contemporary horror film Hills, Matt

Beginning with Jurassic Park, but earlier with The Fly, Species, Alien Resurrection, Mimic, Deep Blue Sea

Eugene Thacker – bio-horror - he includes GATTACA, but this doesn’t really fit

notions of species identity

rel bw generic and genetic meanings

genetic discourses are appropriate which partly disrupt horror, but also add to it

Noel Cowall And Barbara Creed’s theories of horror

Appropriations of genetic discourses pose problems

Carroll: The Philosophy of Horror (1990) - fusion and fision monsters: alter egos, or self-confrontation o 2 diff types of monstrous creature • appropriations of genetic, challenge this • visually and semiotically overlapping • transgenic monstrosity is about an unstable monstrosity

Creed: concept of abjection - abjection: protection of clean and proper body, boundaries of self - argues that horror genre presents many images of this abjection - approp of genetic discourses confuse this distinction

e.g. Alien – cloned riply doesn’t fit creed? No purification of abject

Species: Genetic becomes demonstrably Other

Contrast bw The Fly 1950 and 1980 - contrast monstrosity of 1958 to diff geneticised monstrosity in 1986 - in 1950, sense of atoms being mixed, denotative genetic discourse o miniaturised man’s hed on top of fly and magnified fly’s head on man • fits fusion idea • almost mythological notion of XXX • immediately coded, physically stable - fly of 1986, do not have that immediately visible fusion o move from mythological monstrosity (fitting with Carrol) to temporal and teleological – micro and macro levels of monster o molecular genetic level of seth brundel, this gap is gradually closed down as film progresses o implication of teleological, about macro level catching up with micro • perceptible monstrosity catching up with invisible genetic change

- fly 2 also does this o he has to turn into the fly, so is about temporal and teleological, notions of genetic determinism

abjection - some of these films contest gendering of abjection - monstrous feminine (species), but in the Fly, also monstrous masculine - fly 2 and species 2, also deal with paternal abject – what does it mean if you are the son of the Fly? Or character Patrick in Species 2 (national hero, rise to power, father wants his son to do well)

films drawing on genetic discourses in detail

they might get science wrong, but are trying to bid for forms of cultural value

Juarssic Park, not just about special effects, but plausibility of its use of genetic discourses - often correlated with other markers of quality o upmarket horror hybrid

genetics is drawn on partly in relation to quality horror

David Russell – cultural context of scientific represn of (genetic) scientific discourses - power natural monsters o but this imputes a passivity to popular culture o instead, these films are trying to construct themselves in specific ways these films also present themselves as current/cutting edge - using scientificity to construct alibi of cultural value

Judith Haberstam – overcoding of monster - start to draw 1:1 – cultural context – vastly reduces complexity of monstrosity, which tries to condense o e.g. species: fear of female biological clock, fear of accelerated growth (Selfish Gene idea – out-reproduce)

Zizek ref: high theory, low content of film knowl

The lesbian and gay magazines of 1980s Carolin, Louise

“To the journal for contemporary perverts”

borrowed from ‘The Face’ imagery, high fashion

Shocking Pink

14-23 target, 1987 mag: radical alternative to ‘my guy’ socialist worker press central books distributer 2 distinct groups of women as membership ‘subversive sister’ (Manchester), bad attitude (London)

shocking pink - anti-abortion

Sue Johnson as support (Barbera from Royle Family)

‘there’s more to love than boy meets girl’ - from Jimmy Summerville song

Quim magazine - product of lesbian sex wars, ideological turf war - debate: whether certain sex practices were authentic lesbian behaviours - first british mag to put lesbian sex on printed page - (really 2 people working on this)

The Manconian Gay’ Manchester based mag - later renamed ‘Gay Life’

why has nth similar emerged since?

Charles Landry – What a way to run a railroad - been able to promote these marginalised voices

square peg suffered from glamour role

Transgender and the internet: global movement or casualty of globalization O’Riordan, Kate

Re-contextualise trans activism in terms of global politcs

Internet as actualising agent, alternative media, plurality and conflicting voices - site of subjectivity - role in challenging hegemonic notions of gender/sexuality

Female to male transgender (identity)

Draft Gender Recognition Bill 2003-12-20 Maintaining a sense of difference and allowing concrete political change

Diff accounts from different countries

Naomi klein – no logo - identity politics contribute to feeding XXX?

Cybercultural theory and transgender are incoherent

Random (or Brandon?) exhibition at Guggenheim, NYC

Tension bw virtual and - e.g. AR. Stone: symbolically correlated to the Brandom exhibition

Internet can facilitate ustdg of - Bornstein

Virtual ontology and XX

David Silver: 2nd generation cyber identity

Cybecrultural theory in: identity could be detached from body - but has v little to nothing to offer in terms of political agenc o .e.g transgender – body centred

beyond representation - from subjectivity to identity

use of internet described by trans individuals is used to negotiate identity - Sally hines, Kathy Johnson - Access to info about drugs, prosthetics, etc

Not about subjective moment of being online, but how online materials contribute to identity

Alternative media produced in circulation is essentially webbased

Individual homepages - activist/artist, everyday people (setting up info for others) Local support groups - maling lists

National orgs - gender pack (US)

international orgs

what happens when brought together, have completely contesting discourses - can say that some fall to individual rights based issues and thus, connected to revolutionary discourses - alternatively, more human rights based discourses based around ordinariness and invisibility. (many transgender indivs do not wish to be visible)

Pharmakon – the future as supplement

Plenary on Future of fIlm (second speaker) Malady and Treatment – Pharmacia and Oreithyia - rape or impregnation

past as origin/ the future as supplement

final speaker – Film Institute? role of cultural policy in film

Frankenstein returns: visual politics and the GM debate Murdock, Graham

GM food not about science alone - belief systems and world trade

It is about - science: complexity/uncertainty (Postscience) - risk: contradictions of ‘progress’ (entered modernity from ‘fate’ to ‘risk’) - marketisation: corporate capture (political system, food chain, funl knowl,incorporation of indigenous knowl) - Globalisation: autonomy/annexation - Government: erosion of public trust o Habermas ‘public sphere’” 2: political public sphere (broadsheet and coffee houses, rational deliberation), literary public sphere (where people go to grapple with fundamental issues of life, death, morality) • Doesn’t mention the ‘visual’ - Political Argument: from rhetoric to imagery o In governmental imagery (PR), and social movement, primary weapon is a symbolic weapon (staging theatrical event) o ‘Tony don’t swallow Bill’s Seed’

Basic Classificatory Schema: human/vegetable - (boundary crossing is what people find disturbing Christian Iconography: grim reaper The Frankenstein Story - beginning of 19th century, surge in technology - coming to terms with blowback of science - progress has a dark side (can never control) modern myrh

Science fiction: Alien invasion/abduction

Nuclear Power: destruction/contamination - clean machine going awol

Food Scares: BSE - framed t way in which people ustd food modification

Image of the vegetable

Blair as the vegetable

Grim Reaper (includes letters GM)

Private eye no. 971, 5/3/99, p.22 – image of grim reaper in GM crops

‘It came from the grocery store’ – image of woman, Monsanto ref.

Connection bw notion of contamination and GM

‘The Prime Monster: Fury as Blair…’, The Mirror

what does this tell us?

If we want to understand political discourse

What’s the problem with GM food, the prob is that it is like these other, deeply embedded cultural anxieties

Led to arguing that we are moving into an age of visual politics Meaning of image is fundamental part of persuading process

Politicians need to know how these chain reactions of image work

If so, then need to think about public sphere as space of deliberation but also a cultural space, which are not always argumentative or rationale, but which provide resources we draw on to imagine something you haven’t yet experienced

How do we imagine something, when we do not have the evidence?

Discourse is only half the story, the visual must also be noticed

People are not anti-science, they are anti-corporate science - Science used for the wrong purposes is what is alarming - Capture of scientific agenda

The crisis of information age journalism: isolated, international or imaginary? Campbell, Vincent Senior Lecturer in Media Studies, De Montfort University

KEYNOTE: ‘The Nature of Culture’ Elizabeth Grosz

Forthcoming books: ‘The nick of time’, politics evolution and the untimely time travels: feminist essays on temporality

organisation of matter shapes human life

biological evolution and becoming, influ how we understand and conceptualise culture and its products, technology and media

not a new socio-biology: i.e. model of social that reduces it to biological

biological bases of rape or war

instead of reduction of culture to nature

interested in ways in which nature incite and produce culture - ways in which biological conditions enables, rather than limits and directs cultural ilfe

not reduce to binary nature vs. nurture rather natural invigures cultural variation perpetual transformation time, movement, change, and irresistible push to future, affect culture and technological

uncontrolled becomings

nature encourages culture to transform

not t natural that limits t Cultural natural produces rather than inhibits

attempt to redress foreclosure of ontological or metaphysical and thus, ironically, of materiality in its most complex forms

focus on cultural construction rather than the natural

era of constructionisms of various tytpes

culture as artifice product of communities and their interests institutions as means by which these constructions are produced - while ustod as cultural constructs

constructionism as reaction to prevailing forms of naturalism (division of labour as natural order) - enable us to consider change/upheaval, revolution in new ways - understanding of radical politics - culture as equivalent of changing

nature is fixed and unchanging - background against which culture elaborates itself

culture tames nature

culture writes on nature

culture scripts the natural and manufactures it

hunt for incriminating traces of naturalism …relentless anti-essentialism

essence/fixity/nature/biological – ahistorical and biological - raw material for culture

what is regarded as living/human is on other side of this distinction

Hegel and dialectical models

Givenness of nature is to be overcome by human labour

Model of inertia of nature enthuses Marxist writings

Labour for marx is t historical rather than inherent transformation of a collective

Politics consists not in ways in which nature is transformed but in social structures

Notion that nature is a passivity, evident in structuralism and phenomenology

Kinship system – strauss

Satre’s account of nausea

Lacan’s understanding of the real (given as outside symbolisation and outside of culture)

From psych – feminst – to class and racist theory, view that nature must be overcome appears to be ubiquitous

Exception of ecologist movement

All forms of contemporary politics continued contempt with body

Nature/culture opposition seems foundational to cultural analysis

Can we consider rel between natural and cultural in different terms?

If nature not the other of culture, but its condition, then rel is much more complex

Natural is not the inert, passive, unchanging element against which culture elaborates itself, but is the nature of culture

How we understand natural/cultural opposition relies on our notion of nature

Culture as remaking of culture

People in biological sciences, trying to elaborate on Darwin

Remains indebted to its particularieis, culture as gift of nature

If understand rel between nature and culture as rel of emergence or complexity, rather than opposition, then nature providing means and nature providing forces, then cultural studies cannot ignore inputs of natural sciences

Saussure: culture is self generating system, but cannot explain how it began

May be time to consider culture in terms of nature

Need to understand what is outside of culture

Understand, contra Derrida and following Deleuze, that culture and natujre have an outside - conditioned rather than conditions

models derived from natural sciences (non reductive evol biology) provide fruitful resource for understanding culture itself

culture is not what we add to natre, but what we subtract

culture diminishes nature, rather than makes nature over

nature should be ustod as perpetual evolution

Darwin: first great theorist of difference - eth living as a mode of differentiation

Bergson following Darwin is right to claim that human activities diminish rather than augment natural world

Culture not magnification of nature, but selection of only elements of natural - diminuition of natural order

Nietzsche – natural world of forces that provide energy to overcoming politics of life

Events generate problems

We have to address ‘events’ – they impinge on our daily lives

For Deleuze, this ‘outside’ is t force that induces thinking – shakes life from automatism

Outside, composed of competing forces, can call it outside by different name: nature, time, memory

Force of outside that insights culture and induces subjectivity

V feature that culture seeks o privilege – change , different – is charac of natural

Nature, since Darwin, cannot be seen as passive, inert, and unchanging

Why designate human sphere as cultural, but reluctant to understand animal sphere as culture

What we share in common with animals is capacity for self-overcoming

Cultural studies founded on rift between human and rest of natural life

Human stands outside natural order

But what if all those characs as uniquely human are all simply difc of degree, rather than difc in kind?

Instead of rift, there is a continuity?

How read culture’s immersion in nature as part of cultural analysis?

Virtuality of natural world

Culture not as completion of nature, but as natures open product?

Poss or productive to understand culture as way in which nature reflects on and articulates itself?

Is culture, nature’s way of thinking itself, of gaining consciousness of itself?

3 charcs that nature bestows on culture - ways in which the outside irresistibly impinges on life

1. forward pull of temporality a. compels acknowledgement fo human finiteness and mortality 2. gift tht nature bestows of force of variation/proliferation of natural difference a. how to live in world with its resources to provide resolution b. culture as varying innovative resources that nature poses to living c. biology construed as realm of generation of producing merely difc 3. biological .. of sexual difc and racial difc a. sexual difc is irreducible and if time always b. different between sexes grows over time c. every culture must address this in its own way d. rel between sexes and creation of family group networks is coidtion of racial and class difc (Irigaray)

no culture can solve these problems – there is no solution life is an elaboration of how we direct ourselves to these problems

must deal with each of these

these are non-normative imperatives must address them even if cannot control them trace of our debt to the natural natural incites the cultural by generating problems and events to be negotiated cultures disting selves from each other by questions most pressing, but also resources that each culture has to help with these problems

cultural identity linked to natural world

culture can be regarded, not as active agency it constructs, but that which slow down…

(institutions: fn is to slow down events)

nature is endless generation of problems

insistence of these intractable problems that generate living and the conditions for self-overcoming

cultural life does not assimilate natural, but expands it

culture as part of ongoing evolution of the natural

If nature is dynamic and active, not alien to culture, but ground that makes culture possible, then what would a new conception of culture refusing to sever it from natural, look like? What would study of culture look like?

Q&A

Racial difc produced by sexual difference - Darwin: racial difc, dominate theories of racial difc is that is result of natural selection (e.g. nature selects body types suitable for flourishing). May be a question of sexual selection that develops racial difc. Aesthetic taste dictates who one’s sexual partner is and this helps structure biological makeup of future generation o Aesthetics that have been augmented over time, form natural o Racial difc is founded on sexual difc o Aesthetics of Taste • Argument against quantitative analyses of difc in genetics

Status of conditionality? Pragmatism: sexual difc is a problem to stay, only q is how we live with it Scepticism of theoretical physics arriving in cultural studies Deleuzian trope works best with imagination.

A: dynamism of text is what they have extracted from world of forces

Ontological claim not a textual claim

Dewey, James, ..

Nietzsche

Interested in a Pragmatism of the future - ie. Darwin’s explanation of life

do not know conditions of our humanness, since are all in process of evolution

Digital Games Research Association (2003, Utrecht)

June 25, 2009

Level Up: NotesNovember 4-6, 2003, Utrecht Uni.

KeyNote: Frans Mayra

Eric Zimmerman – Katie ….? (Both backgrounds in designing games) Invisible Playgrounds Games as a Cultural Environment Game as a Social and Cultural Context

Invisible playgrounds - blur relationship between space of game an spacies of lifestyles of players - and blur players and non-players - say something about fundamental properties of ..

AI Game: The Beast - part of the film AI - game played collaboratively across internet - players uncertain about what was ficitional part of game and what was real-world o linked to events in reality – e.g. Time Square, NYC

ME: Basis for presuming that the ‘blur’ actually took place. - empirical support for this claim?

Rules + play + culture

Play – creative Rules – formal sense of play

Huizinga’s Magic Circle - took a step into magic circle – space of play

Play is free movement in an informal structure

Suspicion – infiltrated office environment, creating real dynamic challenges to social structures – relationship between employees

Transformative Play

Artificial Intelligence and Games

Inspiration for Game AI back to Turing Test

Digital game AI has bee less about modelling human-level intelligence and more about presenting an illusion of intelligence

Turing test fool the human into thinking that is a woman

Goals of Game AI? - challenge player? - Make game more enjoyable - Help player play game - Illusion of intelligence - Mimic human intelligence - Ensure games run smoothly

Provide: believable, expected, consistent actions and behaviours (Steven Poole)

AI in past games - deterministic motion - tracking - random - illusion

AI in current games - finite state machines - pathfinding - scripting - fuzzy logic - decision trees - data-driven design

agent sand AL - Empire Earth, Half-Life

Expert systems

Genetic algorithms - creatures

Environmental and Contextual AI - Sims, Half-life 2, Fable

N-Gram statistical predicton - player modelling

Bayesian Methods - modelling game characters

Limitations of Current AI - strongly rule-based - current basic AI technologies do not scale well o exponential growth in complexity with each new behavioural rule

In-Game AI not adaptable (contested, need to do this) - does not deal with differences in individual players

Benefits of Digital Game AI Innovation

Enhanced Game play (half-life flocking) Novel design and gameplay Increased game immersion Broader appeal Boost reputation of games as an art form - intelligence animation and interactive story-lines

areas of game AI - adaptive learning - dynamic story telling

Adaptive Learnig

Massive Online games – no sense of individuality and agency

Dynamic Story-telling - interactivity is central issue

Affecting Emotion - Games still don’t affect us very much emotionally nor challenge us morally

Challenges for AI in Games - AI standardisation o Need a standard like Direct X, etc

Primarily limitation is rule-basedness Commercial environment limits as well - academic research critical here

Moral issues - imply greater responsibility - Games are interactive - Movie viewing largely passive - Moral issues become more significant as game characters approach some form of realistic consciousness o ME: what about person behind character

Issues and Approaches in Middleware AI…. Karlsson, Borje bffk@cin.ufpe.br; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (IFPE)

Game AI: Uniting Analysis, Dsign and Iplementation Michael Mateas

Expressive AI?

Games Studies: games as cultural artifact - structuralist, semiotic, narrative, sociological

designers: langs for talking about design - pattern languages

implementation - no connection to analysis or design

There is a place for a white-box analysis - conversations with design and analysis interacts with code (as architectural structures)

Game AI

Game AI encompasses broad technologies - pathfinding, models of emotion, finite states

common link between technologies is that they produce behaviour that can be read as intelligence (Turing sense)

Related to Newell’s knowledge level and Dennett’s intentional stance

Examples of ‘reading’ game AI - Enemies in first-person shooters - The Sims - Strategic AI in strategy games

Space Invaders – deterministic and unintentional (not really creatures and definitely not AI)

Both AI and physics produce behaviour

AI: lang of intentional behaviour - AI lies at intersection of player perception of behaviour and code producing behaviour - Full understanding of game requires accounting for player response to intentional behaviour - For example, consider Pac Man o Pattern language analysis • Enemies that chase player contact results in loss of life) • Power-ups create vulnerabilities in enemies • Maze structures • Difficulty curve • Level completion via clearing desired objects Game studies perspective - eating as inversion of shooting (gender implications) o one of first games popular with women - narrative of futile consumption - genre analysis situating game relative to other games with chasin mazes, etc

Critical missing element - behaviour of the ghosts and how thisimpacts the player experience - saying ghosts ‘chase’ the player is not enough - chasing in a line makes speed only variable o not enough, since merely a speed game - constantly working together to corner player would be impossibly hard - much of actuall gameplay dependent on fine details of ghost behavour

Behaviour of ghosts in original pacman very finely tuned to work - students trying to replicate this struggle, because this part is so important

Iwatani on the Ghost AI (designer of pac man) - what was most difficult part of designing the game? - IWATANI: the algorithm for the four ghosts who are dire enemies of the Pac Man – getting all the movements lined up correctly… - Variation across ghosts (each ghost performs different role) - Other two ghosts are random - Variation across time for ghosts (attack patterns)

No complete description of ghost AI - unable to find it - much disagreement about the ghosts o even simple AI supports richness of interpretation - much of game play of PacMan results from this AI - Analysis that included the ghost AI would of necessity open the black box

Example: Façade - design exploration of ‘interactive story’ - ludology vs narratology - we’re investigating this question within a concrete architecture

Research: Expressive AI - focuses on audience o what architectures support readable behaviour - Expressive AI focuses on authorship o Authorial control over behaviour

Power Up: Computer Games and ideology John Dovey?, Helen Kennedy, Seth Giddings, University of Western England

Call for Methodological Clarity - determine questions we ask and answers we get

what kinds of ideological critique are poss - or useful - in the (re) emergent studies of play and computer games?

Critique grounded in ideology

Problems - what might constitute an ideological critique at this point in history? - How to do this without feeling like we are contributing to moral panic discourses? - How to do this without trying to sanitise games? o Defensive response has been to celebrate games - Do we have to ask the audience (or can we phone a friend) o Cautious specificity - Its only a game o Play exists outside of ideology. • Plato vs. huizinga • Play ideological inert, simply exists

Overview of methodologyies

5 framework - ludic culture o practice of agon contra play o beyond notion of postmodernism as playful o economic effects of globalisation make everyday life more risky o characteristics of long term benefit of modernism has become more of a gamble (Beck’s risk culture) o Simulacra (not in Baudrillard terms) • way of modelling world helps us understand the world? • A cybernetic problem • Simulation becomes a way of producing real knowledge • Simulation has become a significant way of producing knowl • If play’s neutrality relies on separation from every day life, then play becomes crucial to ideological investigation • technologically mediated • increasingly ludic culture - representation o most games still use representation to remain contextually aligned with XX of power - identity o to read, use text is to do identity work o concepts of identity and hegemony o become who we are o identity as permanently dynamic • Turkle, etc - Hegemony o Power and ideology accustomed to using concept of hegemony to power, without falling into effects thinking o All texts not function as propganda o Transgressive pleasures of identity, hegemonist have more complex questions about what is to be done • Cheating, modding, gender - play theory o try to understand what became an underpinning theme of good boys and bad girls, bad play and good play • Brian Sutton Smith (play comes to us with a rich cultural history • Unless aware of the questions within them, then will go around in circles

No single methodology

Gladiator, Worker, Operative: The hero of the first person shooter adventure Rune.klevjer@intermedia.uib.no

Technology, Modernity links Detour to bigger questions of ideology

First person shooter – ultimate example of techno-play (leads up-grade race) - Doom, Duke Nukem 3D, Quake, Dark Forces, Half Life, Unreal, Golden Eye, Medal of Honor, NOLF, Timesplitters, Red Faction, Halo, James Bond007 - Debate about ‘adventure’ or ‘military simulator’ (focus on former)

Arena vs the quest Playing the machine - using world as a metphor or interface Riding the camera-gun - your vision follows the gun – wherever it is directed o psycho-analytical dimensions: destruction, phallic - peculiar set-up is a technological articulation - goes back to when film was invented, place the camera on a train - first person shooter is an extension of the ‘look of the machine’ (being a train) - cultural fascination with moving very fast and destroying eth in your way.

Interested in practice of playing with a machine only

Single player shooter is art, multi-player is sport - single: quest, - multi: arena

two types of practices - being a gladiator (warfare, in classical shooters) o Roger Callois (dangerous kind of play) • Mimetic play is ok and vertigo is ok, but combination is shamonistic (trying to put this behind us) o Combining mimetic play (imaginary) with vertigo

Callouis - games involving glas, special effects, and ghosts o “The disconcerting reflections that multiply and distort the shape of one’s body, the yhybrid fauna of embryonic…”

The Carnivalesque and the grotesque body (Bakhtin) - FPS: The grotesque is the other - The carnivalesque in a box

This kind of culture has been suppressed by modernity - Bakhtin celebrates this

Otherside is Civilised worker/soldier

Odysseus (PhD researcher MIT) the Machine-Look

Combination of mythical hero with civilised worker/soldier hero - techno-festishist …

Relationship to ideology? - unclear

Technology in the imageof the gun - Pre-modern and hyper-modern - A grotesque mirror of civilised modernity - Celebration? Defiance? Parody?

Absurd celebration of technological power in image of gun, which is always up in your face

Parody of modern technological power

Also vertogenius – machine gun makes you feel XXX

Therapeutic? Critique? (of society)

Feminism ‘in’ and ‘at’ play: female quake players and the politics of subversion Helen Kennedy

A position paper: where I am located in terms of my politics Relationship between play and culture How is this bound up in our other understandings of hegemony and power Transformative power of play and insubordinate pleasures - contested and tentative authority

Derrida - declarations are performative (constitute that which they try to describe)

www.chiq.net

Iraq: threat of women as last preserve

Yvonne Tasker’s ‘musclinity’ (cf/ masculinity)

Care for Me: Maintenance Play Mary Flanagan, Hunter College, New York Digital artist interested in themes of the domestic

Aspects of life requiring constant maintenance

When play is no longer fun – relate to sports

Game: Neighbours from Hell

Over 62million neo-pets - over 60% of owners are women

Conceptual Lens: Doll play in the US (historical use of dolls relates to use of characters in SIMS)

Tendency of people to ‘subvert’ their SIMs

SIMS online – who are you when you are online? Care giving or are you them?

Care giving behaviours

Family Values: Ideology and the SIMS Miguel Sicart, Miguel@itu.dk Interested in Ethics and Technology

Althusser: Ideology - subconscious structure built on t concrete values and contents of a power apparatus in a specific moment of time - ideology for t individual, is t set of values with which reality as means of production is represented: t rules that determine t represn of t world

not possible to marry homosexual couples in the game

Antigone, Creon and the non-existence of woman: what we can learn about the failureof the Sims online from reading Jacques Lacan Charles Kriel, Kingston University (also a BBC DJ)

Issues of the uncanny

All drives are virtually death drives - not to destruction, but backward, restoration of earlier state (inertia) - each drive pursues its own extinction - go beyond pleasure principles, joy experienced as suffering

lies at heart of cultural community

Freud: no universal instinct of higher ….

Death drive works for winning for subject as potential immortality

Drive which reflects what freud calls the discovery.

Beyond temporality

Casts us out of what we seek most

All kinds of cultural mediation

Prohibition of incest, no more than a subjective pivot

Conversation: Brian Sutton Smith and Eric Zimmerman

Brian Play as fate, frivolity

Eric - games considered as play / framed as culture

Need new or different theories of games?

Eric defines play as:

Eric contrasts with Goffmann definition of games: “Matrix of poss events and cast of roles, through whose enactment the even occur….” - implies fate and drama, but not in Goffmann’s definition

Eric: definition of play not just applied to digital games importance of printing technology in changing nature of games

Brian; Emotions and Brain activity Kinds of emotions asso with games Anger is the kind of emotion that fuels contest Games fuelled by the fantasy of some emotion (mainly anger) Anger is theatre of occasion Definition of contest/game needs a discussion about way in which particular game modulates that emotion (rules, referees, spirit, etc) Use of word playful - framing of play and spontaneity of play emotion triggered by chemical transmitter - for play, perhaps seratonin o ME: unlikely

Many people who play are not playful, but are still playing Lee Barnet - playful: exuberant Eric: Brian’s ambiguity of play - play as cultural - ideology of play rhetoric of play rhetoric of progress as way of denying that play is valuable in and of itself rhetoric of the imaginary

play as brain chemicals useful for designers? Film makers do not design films based upon way in which biology underpins enjoyment of films

Brian: What is constant across different rhetoric

Eric: Include commercial game industry, when saying games are about contestation?

Brian: Interested in what is underlying contest games We are generally collaborative cultures, cannot afford to contest Eric: Are we game developers making mistakes with play?

Brian: Game Researchers are not critical about what they do. Developers are distanced from their emotions Not as dangerous as, say, a football match Literature on children’s engagement with play is that the object is not the?/? Need to work out vocabulary of distance What things remind the child that they are in the play sphere? Normal kids don’t need this, but others might Being attacked for creating an aggressive society, which is untrue

Eric: Earlier, dungeons and dragons, etc were seen in similar way

Brian: Every generation is offended by freedom that their children have Feel that children are being destroyed ‘cultural neuroses’ - vigilance anxiety: because children become more vigilant, this encourages more anxious vigilance as a whole critics are in the progress rhetoric when people are impoverished, people grow up to be ‘fighters’ games make people feel confident in the face of the perils in which they live none of us really know why we play other pleasures? - ME: suggestive as instrumentality seems debilitative to his position Play is an uncomfortable thing when you get close to it - is potentially ‘uncivilised’ Play, Arts, and Religion - the big worlds play is fun to make us feel better about being in a lousy world consoling phenomena

Eric: Is it useful to reduce play?

Thursday Morning

Pervasive Gaming (THEATRON)

Content creation for pervasive games Staffan Bjork

Some research questions in ubiquitous gaming

Ubiquitous computing field

Pirates!

Can You see me now? Steve Benford (email him for video of the game) Mixed Reality Lab, University of Nottingham

Game of chase Online players access virtual model of a city Can run through city Send text messages Then get chased by people in the city Equipped with hand held GPS Can see where online players are in relation to city Need to understand that if you cross a virtual road, you are actually making somebody cross a real road (online actions have physical effect on somebody on the ground) Staged in sheffield, Rotterdam….

Lessons learned

Evaluation draws on ethnography, discussions with audiences and analysis of system los Experiencing uncertainty (GPS deeply flakey! Errors of 3-300m, not available all the time (signal), - online players have a mixed experience - runners constantly battle t technologies runners had an invisibility power - no. could not always connect (but this became part of game, though some players exploited it, e.g. standing in shaded part of a building lowers signal) four strategies to deal with uncertainty - remove it (better technology) - hide it - reveal it (interfaces which give impression of where good and bad gps is) - exploit it (make it part of the experience)

people are insured actors! Not for public yet – insurance problem

Uncle Roy all Around you: Blast Teory, MRL, BT Exact, UCL Amanda Oldroyd Amanda.oldroyd@bt.com (ASK FOR HER VIDEO OF UNCLE ROY)

Following on from can you see me now Role: create technology to allow people to experience these new activities

Uncle Roy All Around You Mixed reality, theatre and game experience Players on streets with handheld device, guiding around Westminster Virtual players have representation of streets Have to find uncle roy’s office Once found, asked some questions

End of game, people were asked if they would make a commitment of support to a stranger for 12 months. Over 250 couples agreed to be there for each other

Blur boundaries between game space and physical world

Blurring perceptual boundaries

Major theme is trust - trust in players, environment, online playters

street players are ISOLATED as a street player (must surrender your belongings)

have to decide whether to trust Roy or online players

invited to places that would not normally go to - ME: leverage city regeneration?

Engage with world in a new way

Online players have different game experience - able to monitor and remain anonymous

Pervasive Gaming and Qualitative Social Science Steffen p. Walz, Zurich, Switzerland, steffen.walz@hgkz.dk http://www.madcountdown.com (Cultural anthropologist)

example of a qualitative study utilising pervasive game, custom built on basis of ethnographic studies of a certain environment

to research social relationships of proximity and distance

issues of trust and risk arise when augment everyday life with games

‘MadCountdown’

have to find a bomb in a certain number of hours, within a building

ME: rejects magic circle thesis, but a weak, seemingly semantic rejection

Distinguish game from ‘physicality’ or ‘real-life’

Methodology: group discussion, log filing, participant observation

5 groups of 4 teams

Content Creation for Pervasive Games Karl-Petter Akesson kale@sics.se Swedish Institute of Computer Science

Background in electrical engineering

Interested in interaction in physical space, but border between virtual and physical

Poss solutions to provide content

Scenes - have players configure the spaces - find local relationships between - elf ears (enhance sound) - pre-made or player created

artefacts/Props

Computational building blocks

Pervasive Social Games and Learning Frans Mayra

Mobile games Potential for educational purposes as well as entertainment Counteracting towards negative image of videogames, using bodies to their full potential - (e.g. Dance Dance Revolution) Potential for non-traditional game concepts that break the genre and gameplay boundaries and reach new, non-hardcore-gamer audiences

What research is needed? - better understanding of various pervasive gameplay dynamics - implantations that could be evaluated and experimented with - systematic research frameworks that suit these research purposes o hermenutic field, need to create something to understand research challenges

- two such frameworks o playability analysis o mobile learning evaluation frameworks (developed in CC-DES and MOBIlearn projects; Tampere)

Morphone project (mobil games in homes)

Edugaming in Finland consortium - location-aware mobile games and problem-based learning, role playing and team based learning and coordination, use of simulations in professional learning)

Design features of pervasive games Jussi Holopainen, Nokia research Center (Finland)

Competition (Goal-Oriented activity, against system or players) Cooperation (trust, mistrust) Community (we are social beings, situated in a real world) Presence (critical to pervasive games; how structure different levels of presence into game)

Game Playing Communities and Cultural Politics of Gaming (Thursday afternoon)

Andrew McTavish

Access to means of cultural production

Michel de Certeau ‘The Practice of everyday life’’ - ideology-of-consumption-as-receptacle - ‘the text has meaning only through its readers it changed along with them’

henry Jenkins, Textual Poachers - poaching for fan-based production - exceeds de Certeau’s ‘nomadic’ intertextual reader - fan-creators contest over production

Consu,ption Bad? Production good?

Matt hills, Fan Cultures - ‘rigid assumptions that fandom and production are…’

Game Modding - productive practices that problematize further t dichotomy between bad consumption and good prodn - modding: people creatinve characteristics of games, skins, etc. (modifications/modifying) - commercial interests’ response to these productive gaming practices

case study: DOOM Valve and Half-Life - released in 1998 - long shelflife and modding community - commercialised amateur mod o counter strike o day of defeat 3.0

Regulating Fan Production - official modding tools - end-user license agreements (EULA)

end user license agreements to engines - define legitimate and illlegitimate uses of mod tools - defines modding as legitimate - commoditizing modding itself?

Relationship between game producers and player-producers is contradictory Access to means of prodn Regulated access to means of prodn Game modding can be form of resistance, but also can particupate in t commodification of games and forms of productcive gaming practices

Multi-player first person shooters Uni of Queensland

Interrel between media technology and culture Degree to which game texts and associated technology facilitate culture

Games can be described as co-creative media Neither players nor developers solely responsible for assemblage of game Quake 3 Arena To use must go through Server facility

Something comes out of community, becomes commercialised, then becomes too commercial for the community

Question from Audience: Notion of player problematic here? Surely a player-producer ‘hybrid’ player-creator Unions of Modders??

Answer: There is a hierarchy of player-creators Power-play

ME: this mod lot really does seem like a meaningful practice community

Patches of Peace: Tiny Signs of Agency in Digital Games Cindy Poremba, Simon Fraser University, 2003.

Examines authorship in response to 9-11 as context to examine player authorship

Response (through games) to 9-11 events rapid and varied Shifting cultural landscape

Player-created artefacts are an integral part of digital games Players can manifest true agency through t authorship of independent

Games malleable and player-defined (de Koven)

Game artifcats reflect reinforce t shared social reality of player-prod community

Primary agency of digital game player is manifest in authorship of game artefacts (adapted from Gell, art and agency?)

“Search for t well player game is what holds t community together. But t freedom to change t game is what gives t community its power’ Bernie De Koven, the Well Played Game

player-created artefacts different from mods, mods are more specific

player guilds and cross-game collectives.

“Pimp daddy” - everquest, character created a pimping service o didn’t actually add anything to the game

Velvet Strike - reframing game space - instead of shooting, spray paint - game intervention, critique of games, violence, terrorism - game space has been transformed - directed to external audience (activists, artists) o non playing audience

Tiny Signs of Hope, (download peace) - no longer online!

Game subculture and effect on player authorship

Ready use of games as co-creative media

Role of player authorship in response to significant cultural events such as 9-11 (11 September)

Games as media have just scratched surface

IOC World Congress on Sport Science (2003, Oct, Athens)

June 25, 2009

IOC World Congress on Sport Science, Oct, 2003 Genes and Performance Wednesday, 1030am, Chair: Bengt Saltin

Genes and Health Greg collier, AGT Biosciences, LTD, Deakin Uni, International Diabetes Institute and South West foundation Texas

PARL a new gene involved in muscle function and type 2 diabetes

Literature is full of candidate gene studies – not worth the paper their written on

Unique DNA collection

AGT Biosceince cetre for Stat Genomics

Outbread Israeli Sand Rat Colony

Ezpress Technology Platform

AGT Biosceinces has access to number of human DNA sample collections

Access to unique DNA collections from worldwide populations

Major Collaborators

Dr. John Blangero, Texas - analysis of genetics of many complex diseases - devel opf new stat software - SOLAR

Native habitat is semi-arid regions of middle east

Israeli sand Rat develops diabetes and obesity in manner similar to humans

PARL – Preseneilins-associated rhomboid-like protein

7 transmembrane protein

predicted was located in mitochondria – regulating basic muscle function

Located at chromosome 3q27

Reduced gene expression in muscle of diabetic P. obesus

PARL gene expression was increased after exercise-training

Human gene expression data - Eric Ravussin, Anthony Civitarese (Pennington Biomedical Research Center)

Discovered by microarrary….

REF: McQuibban, Nature 423, 534 (2003) - in mitochondria, yeast equivalent…. - if knock gene out, mitochondria shrink and don’t function correctly

PARL cleaves human equivalent of OPA1… - in diabetic muscle, where decreased expression of PARL, this is a problem

Mitochondrial defects in genes occur before diabetes occurs

Dgene expression I skeletial musc asso with

REF: Kissebah, AH PNAS 97, 14478 (2000)

Genotyping 50 individuals, XXX

Association studies

Look at relationship of XXX

Responsible for about 5% of variation in insulin levels

Largest yet genetic variation causing insulin resistance

Discovered in muscle of animals

Leu26Val variant of parl asso with plasma insuli, with a strong genotype-by-age variant

Finding genes like this is not simple

Need to combine human linkage studies with expression

Not a worthwhile task to identify a gene and find an association

Brain health, and voluntary running Frank Booth

Epidemiological reports indicate that physically active elderly humans have less cognitive dystnfunction

Laurin Arch Neurol. 58:498, 2001 - women 65 yars or older, evaluated - highlevel of phys activ corresponsed to exercise

What is the mechanism? How phys activ tie into brain disfunction

Brain derived neuro..factor (BDNF)

Lu Learn, Mem. 2003, 10: 83-85

Wifdenfalk Neurosci Res 34 125: 1999 - animals running more had increase in XXX (i.e.

Located in hippocampus - Hippocampus is highly plastic structure normally asso with cog function, rather than motor

Malcangio Trends Pharmacol Sci 24:116, 2003-10-08

Increase in neurogenesis in hippocampus in animals that are running, compared to animals who are not running

Running primes t brain to enhance neuronal health

It is dogma in medicine that health indivs are the control group and t sick patients are treatment group

It is dogma in exercise that healthy indivs are t treatment group and t sicker population is t control group

Nby calling t phyaically active group t treatment, some others outside of exercise believe that being sedentary is health and thus see no reason to further supp exercise research

Carro, J. Neurosci. 21, 5678, 2001 Carro Mol Neurobi9ol 27, 153, 2003-10-08 - Increased sendetarism, contributes to an increasing incidence of neurological diseases - Sedentary life is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease

What genese are changing in brain that will protect you from neural degeneration

(Saltin: Have identified candidate genes, now how activate?)

Kinetic Consideration of endurance training adaptations Name?

Approx 4 weeks before protein increase, through training

In 1980s, mRNA increase detected after 2 weeks

How do muscle cells adapt to exercise?

Metabolic genes: at transcription or mRNA (transient response)

Measure mRNA increases (transient) 48hrs after exercise – inc in protein concentration

Stress genes Priority Genes Metabolic/Mitochondrial Genes

Adaptations from training have to stem from acute stimulus (exercise bout)

Trying to indicate different categories of genes

Example: PDK4

protoocal after 4 weeks of one-legged knee extensor exercise train

24 hrs after exercise bout, mRNA back to basel levels

during exercise, why would muscle want to shut of a gene that produces carbohydrates? - hyp: as glucose ….muscle no longer want to use…

Endurance (PGC-1) David Hood, York University, Toronto

Endurance = high capacity of mitochondrial enzyme activity Not only applicable to endurane athletes, but also sedentary individuals – no exercise, low mitochondrial content and endurance capacity)

Ageing and low physical activity, bring mitochon down

Changes in energy status and calcium,. XXXX l

Leads to change of nucleus – transcription factors

Stimuli that affect transcription of nuclear genes

Mitochondria has its own genome - very limited, only codes for 13 genes (and 100s of genes reqd for mitochondrial function) - transcription factor for 13 genes is TFAM

Studied with animal model - chronic stimulation

typical marker for mitochondria (cytochrome C) - Freyseeenet, et al AJP 277, E26, 1999

Performance change - muscle force greater fatigue resistance (40% improvement)

PGC-1alpha - popular due to widespread effects in cell biology - mediates thyroid - influ on muscle fibre type - affects mitochondrial biogenesis

co-activator not a transcrioption factor not binding DNA, but binding transcritpopn factors - e.g. NRF-1, thyroid receptors (can enhance)

with chronic stim model, looked at PGC-1 level - nothing happened after 3 days, but by 5, 7, 10, increase in PGC-1 protein by 50% (Irrcher et al AJP 2003, 284)

used cells for better control induce to fuse together - immature muscle cell. Can make contract, or treat with drug - not physiological, but useful - is calcium important in mitochondrial biogenesis

number of transcriptors that could be involved in calcium response - 2.5x inc in PGC-1

effects of exercise on PGC-1 might be mediated by calcium

stimulation model - cells stimulated in disk - compared to non stimulated - looked at factors o PGC-1 coactives NRF-1 o NRF-1 transcriptionally activates Tfam and Cyto c) o Tfam imported to mito and inc mtDNA transcption and copy number o P38 MAP kinases phosphorylation stablizes PGC-1 protein o Irrcher et al AJP… (as abobe)

Effect of altering AMPKalpha activity with AICAR - inc in PGC-1 levels - which will ultimately affect mito levels

if understand PGC-1, can understand what affects mitochondrial levels

thyroid hormone is another potent stimulator of metabolism - high thyroid, high mito - hypo-thyroid is opposite - also acts by PGC-1

Conclusion

Contractilve activity-endurance signalling of mito bigenesis involves both calcium signals and changed I ATP turnove and is mediated by PGC-1alpha

Important role of PGC-1 in mataining normal levels…

How neuronal activity controls muscle fiber type and fiber size S. Schiuaffino, Padova

Dissecting signalling pathways involved in activity-dependant muscle gene regulation

Fiber types in skeletal muscle Genetics important, but other factors can modulate fibers - motorneuron activity is major factor

motorneuron modulate fibre size and fibre type

mechanical effects also important, and one of less explored areas - sports that generate tension in muiscle (e.g. weightlifting) can induce muscle hypertrophy metabolic changes - exercise can inc AMP and can activate…?

Try to identify important transaction pathways (activate and block) - How? o Pharma not helpful o Need a genetic approach • Somatic transgenesis • Transgenic mice: long procedure • Instead make transgenic muscles o Inject foreign DNA through plasmid o In few days, see effect in muscle phenotype e.g. Changes in MyHC gene expression inducaed by slow motor neuron…

injected mutant transducers to see if can block effect of nerve or to induce denervated muscle

Murgia et alNature Cell Biol, 2000 Serrano el al PNAS 2001 Pallafaccihna et al PNAS ,2002

Effects: two fibres (injected with foreign DNA) do not express slow myocin

More recently identify transcription factor - NFAT (transcip factor, protein binding DNA o Known to translocate o This translocation been able to….directly, linkd to GFP (fluorescent protein)

Same approach can be used to study muscle hypertrophy

(Saltin: people are on path to find out how performance is regulated)

An overwall enlargement of skeletal muscles is obtained by training and enhanced by anabolic steroids Name? (Female, Paris)

What’s important in skeletal muscle is, as muscle grows, inc proteins, mitochondria, and myonuclei and satellite cells are controlling this

What happens to nuclei in muscle that accompanies growth of muscle fibre As indiv trains (power train), is inc in myonuclear number, and anabolic steroids increase myonuclear number - amount of cytoplasm remains constant

if inc in no. of nuclei, means that cells have to be added in and must come from myonuclear component

skeletal muscle has cell, reserve cell

satellite cells can proliferate, to allow muscle to grow - also used to repair muscle

sat cells can be isolated from muscle and grow from biopsy

sat cells isol from human muscle fibres, have ltd capacity to cell

from birth can make 60-70 divisions - most of these lost during rapid growth

then, muscles stop growing - from 20-90yrs, maintain capacity to grow and repair skel muscle

Mitotic Clock - this is why there is a limited capacity, limited by Telemere (on each chromosome, is a piece of redundant DNA, each time cell divides, small part of this DNA will be lost, after while, signals to stop cells from further division, protects cells from cancer, but limits no. times can divide)

in athletes, no. of satellite cells increase on muscle fibre - to inc muscle mass, to repair muscle

same biopsies – look at telemere length, compared to sedentary - in elite pro athletes, is small decrease in Tele DNA, muscle is turning over much more than in sedentary population

Athletes with FAMS (Fatigued Athlete Myopathic Syndrome - Noakes) - suffering from chronic fatigue - connective tissue abundant - inc internal nuclei - abnormal mito nuclei

compared with control group of sports people

in this syndrome, where overtrain and genetic background, where cannot replenish sat cells, is pathologic – comparable to genetic disease

similar decrease in sat cells in weightlifters with large doping history

lose telemetric DNA each time cell divides

in cell culture, when isolated from elite athletes, compared to sedentary, doing small amount of regular activity is beneficial, because amateurXXXXX? - what level of activity is beneficial, compared to excessive exercise

Muscle satellite cells activation and skeletal muscle mass recognition Geoff Goldspink

Muscle mass muss be regulated locally and systemically - must be local growth factors

Alterantive Splicing of Human IGF-1 gene - now call mechano growth factor (only detected in ?) o derived from IGF-1 • IGF-1 genereal growth factor that makes cells inc in size

Normally think of IGF-1 as produced in liver

But MGF has different sequence and different action to systemic factor Activated by chemical signals quickly after exercise?

49 base insert - ie. Downstream shifts

put cDNA into different plasmids using same techniqe as earlier paper (inject to muscle of mouse)

made some constructs for in vitro when pt into mouse, found that a group of fibres that hve been tranZZ have inc in size within 2 weeks (25% larger) - potent growth factor)

how was it doing this? - looked at cells in culture - put interest into C2C12 cells o saw effects of systemic IGF-1, increased in mass, but …?

Subjected rat to mechanical damage, put in myotoxin agent - to see repair, etc

if look at marker for sat cell activation - sat cells inc in numbers quickly after injury - what sort is activating? o Discovered that shortly after injury MGF is expressed • Chief contender as major factor activiating sat cells Need to replenish pool of cells, but not too much

Muscles respond to mechanical signals – how? - not enough sat cells - seems that they are not activated - all muscles do not respond to exercise as well, since do not prod enough MGF

(Saltin: now health subject)

Muscle Contraction Febbraio?, Female, Brown hair

Plasma IL-6 - Ostrowksi et al J. Physiol 1998 - Ostrowski,

Is IL-6 produced during exercise? - yes, by working muscles, when it is released into circulation

role of muscle glycogen? - systemic vs. local effects - transcription rate inc with exercise, but further enhanced when muscle glycogen is XXX?

What does it mean to feed athletes carbohydrates during exercise? - IL-6 is inhibited

Febbraio et al 2003

If IL-6 was being produced to signal to liver to produce glucose? - not clear from findings

Febbraio hiscock, fischer, sachetti, Pederson - 2hrs cycling, at 40% VO2max….etc - IL-6 can influence glucose production, but co-factor is required

Does IL-6 induce lipolysis? - yes. Van hall, et al J clin endorcinol metab june 2003-10-08

Keller, FASEB, J, December, XXXX?

Nutrition – supplementation and sports performance

Ergogenic aids:food for performance or food for thought

Diet, training and ergogenic aids: t evidence from antiquity Louis Grivetti

Examples of

Doping Substances in Nutritional Supplements: Results of an IOC study Hans Geyer

Since 1996, Prohormones available over counter

Prohormones of Testosterone - DHEA

Prohormones of Nandrolone

Labelling of preparations does not reflect actual content

Parasrampuria M. et al 1998

Insufficient urveyence of prohormones

Now analyse non hormonal

Broad based study of international market

634 nutritional supplements purchased from Oct2000 – Nov 2001

in 13 countries

mainlybourght in shops (91.2%) and internet

289 supplements (49%) from prohorone selling companies

Results: 15% of nutritional supp,ements contained anaboligc androgenic not on label

most of positive nutritional included DHEA andendion

most positive products came from US companies (about 90%!)

do only prohormone companies have positive samples?

10% of products from non pro-hormone also positive

does application of such contamination of substances, lead to positive doping results - Yes, especially if prohormone of nandrolone

Many victims of contaminated substance? - Christie, ottie, etc

Conclusion

Problem of non-hormonal nutritional supplements containing prohibited anabolic-androgeneic is international problem

Consumption can lead to positive doping

Minimize risk, athletes should only buy nutritional supplements from companies which perform qualiy check for prohormones that guaranteee

In germany have companies that

www.osp-koeln.de - low risk suppplments (cannot excp

www.dopinginfo.de

in this study, cases were too low to have a physiological affect

example from Belgium where athlete has managed to gain compensation from

Muscle Glycogen: train low – compete high

Carbo ingestionduring exercise of longdurationin c performance

High muscle glycogen enhances time to exhaustion

What are infol of CHO ingestion and uiscle glycogen on training??

Training adaptation: what is influ of training at low versus high XXX

Training adaptation - what is that? - Molecular mechanisms? o Accumulation of proteins o How accumulate protein in muscle?

Prof. Choulis,

Framing it as a problem.

Number of durugs see

Questions

Randy Welberg, USOC presentations

Goldspink - china, factor 8 - haemophilia

the state of the real (2003, Glasgow School of Art)

June 25, 2009

State of the Real, NotesGlasgow School of Art, Nov 2003.

‘The Real’ just got realer Clive Fencott and Jo Clay SpIDERStudio, School of Computing, Uni of Teesside

Theories of virtual content - perceptual opportunities

Predictive content modelling - look at way people behave in virtual environments and try to predict what they do

Experimental investigations - eye-tracker technology – to see what they notice and how they respond

semiotics of games and VR - need to look beyond computing to ustd content of virtual environments

First Thoughts

Hyperreality and (self) consciousness

Plato’s cave walls

The craft of thought – Mary Carruthers - medieval thought practices

Baudrillard’s news (not new)

VR and ‘the real’

How real can t simulation get? Hyperreality becomes - confusion of sensory frameworks - NOT a myth without referent and t real

VR, also called Virutal Environments (Ves) is a new interface paradigm to create …. Immersion - technology of replacement of sensations of t real - embodying interface (t technology I where, which replaces sensations)

Presence - ‘t willing suspension of disbelief’ colleridge - perception illusion of non-mediation

totally present while (very) partially immersed

Total immersion

Haptic technology - data gloves, etc

Gorillas in the Bits - can move around and look at gorillas, but can also die, by looking too much at alpha male o partially immersed (but not very)

Osmose - head set and stereo headphones, but also a vest, which moves you when you move

Mechanic of immersion

Meditative VR - electronic - electro-mechanical - electro-chemical-mechanical (can create smells by squirting things up nose)

remove and replacing sensory cue that lead to sensation

proprioception gets in the way

so, meditative VR doesn’t work (n terms of total immersion)

Total Immersion

Invasive VR - bypass nervous system o eliminating sensation o virtual stimulation o major film genre • extistenz, matrix, dark city - ExistenZ Technology o implants • retinal, inner ear • neural interface chips (currently being used to replace parts of brain) • neurotropic electrodes • electrodes with chemicals to permit acceptance of electrodes to accept artifice o tetraplegics have used • biomechanics

In the film being plugged in is like ‘having your ears pierced’

Sense of self gets in the way

Realists in the film need not worry

VR as simulation - total immersion - myth without referent

VR for real - as a medium of simulation - games - virtual training environments - virtual artworks

VR is a simulation itself

Doubly unconscious

What we have forgotten or repressed (Freud) What we have learned and experiencd unconsciously (knowing how) Do we exp - t real - and the hyperreal - simulatenously?

Playing with simuilations

Virtual therapy Phobias of fear of: - flying, heights, open spaces - SpIDERS Higher levels of immersion Greater effectiveness of therapy

Re-simulation

A possibility - Real just got realer - Because t sims can get realer, but the sims are flawed - Real will always be t reference

Conclusion - exp other reals often - return to ‘the real’ - paradigmatic test for ‘reals - play a lot of mindless games (tetris) o go with t flow o exp t real o through your second unconscious

Siobhan Stelarc’s Head

Prosthetic head – 40 years of work with diff technologies ‘Online version’ - is there such a difference!?

Hayles: how we became posthuman - manipulation of symbols - info lost its body o more complex info becomes, more t sep of mind and body becomes apparent o cartesian dualism

Kant, Hegel, Husserl, Heidegger all considered this

Kant and Hegel – achieve infinite

Husserl/Heidegger – realm of finite

Kand/hegel

Husserl/heid – normality

Hayles critique of technological devel – be ustd by mind alone - body not necessary

modernity or post?

Modernity: horkheimer: master nature, and attack nature of ourselves

Ability to create

Sado-masachism of suspension - ME: this is not S&M at all

Posthuman project would answer that Stelarc’s head is an example of human identity

ME: but the cybernetic tradition does not have consensus on this. The nature of AI is still disputed

As a piece of art, the head is democratic - creates diff rel to art o interact it and inform it

Michael Smyth (Background in interaction design) Deigning for Embodied Interaction – experiencing artefacts with and through t body

Where is technology heading: Skins and environment

Where does this leave t body?

Need our body to make sense of t world

In VR we are disembodied - this is a speculative assertion. It also misrepresents virtuality

ME: just because t body is value, it doesn’t mean it has special value, such that we need not seek to transcend it

Role of 1:1 models – necessity to create something proportional to our bodies

Closest link is installation artists

(ASK WHAT THES

Marce Ages – GET PHOTOGRAPHS OF THEM - multi-.. structure - go in to exp sense of sight, sound, touch

ME: stelarc’s head is not stelarc’s art. Real Photography Damian

Defn of photography

Oliver Wendell-Homes – mirror with a memory Cinema and digital photography – threaten ‘established’ ontology of photography

Photograph as transparent record and as object

Defn of photography rely on - equivalence of forms - embodiment of this in an image

dangers of forfitting rootedness

should leave photograph behind

plus: immanence – philosophical notion from Deleuze and Guattari - after D&G photography as

Transparency and objecthood

Thierry de Duve

Andre Bazin – alluciantion that is also a fact

A mixture of fictions – Walton

A record of reality refracted through a sensibility –

‘it shares t being of the model

Sruton, R. – photography as a ‘gesturing finger’

Lunenfeld, p – dubitative

Modernist foto relied on uniqueness in time and space

Interent – art without walls

Roberts, jon – extended contextual space

Roland barthes – camera lucida

Bioteknica Sean and Jennifer

Richard Lewontin – science as ideology (it is not objective)

PhiX

What rights will an artificial organism have?

Bladerunner

Colonialism, man-made organisms – what rights?

Bioteknica - inter-displinary … - futuristic cloning - studying irrational and grotesque

terratoma - natural instance of cloning

disparatary bw science and corporate language

not scientists, but have tried to understand it! - that is a scientist

little accurate reference to use of genetic modification

little ustdg of ethical issues

biotechnika

Advanced Cell Technology Noah – ist cloned endangered animal Lily, Daffordil, Crocus, Forsythia

George and Charlie

Severino Antinori

Raelian Clonaid - captured popular imagination by claiming to clone

digital model product line of GM organisms

terratoma - cancerous growth (germ-line)

catholic church baptised terratomas until 60s, believed were virgin birth

parathegenesis - devel of embryo from unfertilised egg - cannot lead to a live (but asso with notion of pregnancy)

research will lead to therapeutic cloning technology - holy grail of cloning

terratoma – deadly form of cancer - BioArtists - eduardo kac - symbiotic research group

ethical problems about what these are doing as artists

Alba, t fluorescent bunny Photo: Cryhstelle Fontaine

Kac: bioart has increased genetic diversity! - to destroy these crates

Art as a form of life By W. Wayt Gibbs

Kac: showman

Joe Davis: genestheticist - selfclaimed most prolific author in history

ethical concerns about the organism - lack functional nervous system (do not know where pain begins and ends) - lack cognition - research on human subjects

artist tissue bank - take tissue and cells from artists - not more invasive than tattoo, etc

these tissue would be discarded anyway

Ann-Sophie Lehmann

Representations of skin through painting

Oil paint as lively pain Images so real, that appears as real flesh

In AI, android child: SKIN IS PASSPORT TO REALNESS

Ron Mueck National Gallery resident artist last year, Netherlands

Performance and Space

Experiential place making and the new real Jasper Joseph-Lester, Goldsmiths College London

Retail-architecture - holds values: permanence

Selfridges, Oxford St - supplementary space (both present and absent) - informed by logic of commodity

Bluewater, Kent - Simulated space - Transporting exp of being in busy city centre, into countryside

Commodification of space – places demands on architecture

Marxist analysis of commodity

Prada, NYC, 5th Avenue - new level of automation - clothes hidden from shopper - changing rooms with videos in mirrors to offer new ways of viewing the clothes - movement bw video and mirror

centre of architecture is the commodity process of automation market brings value to t commodity

Marx and commodity illusory body of t commodity wooden table transcends sensuousness

Selfridges, Birmingham - automated interior - exterior: spun aluminium discs o responds to light of sun and appears to move with light o curvaceous con o templre reality of shopping experience

phantasmic surplus of retail architecture

territories and distinctions Performing the Real Lennaart van Oldenborgh

Realness of image is property of origin

Reality-TV First wave – mass dissemination of cam corders - candid tv

Reality-Video

Reality-Gameshow format

Pentagon collaborated with Hollywood - reporting the war Jessica Lynch rescue

(Video) – can we still trust documentaries to tell us t truth - Rita Vort?

Daddy’s Girl (channel 4) - rel bw father and daughters - fictional boyfriend - pulled from schedule at last minute

Madonna lipstick commercial - playing herself in the ‘in bed with madonna’ film through this video

ref to Lacan – jubilant assumption of respecting the image

snuff videos – mythical genre of real death - did someone actually die here? - Is this video the last moments of this life? - Witnessing the passing of life. - Life becomes death (reveals death to us)

Suicide box footage - of real deaths - statistical indifference of San Francisco coast guard, who stopped counting the number of suicides - as a result of his indifference, the box would record presumed suicides - result is haunting and ironic o indiscriminately repetitive o one after the other dropping off o merely see black dots • ME: why cant they be more detailed (zoom!?)

Violence and death, the unassimilable, become the … of the real

Darren Brown’s Russian roulette - only way that can guarantee realness is if he blows his brains out

Slavoj Zizek real: nostalgic fantasy for t real - defining charac of 20th c

Arts, Prepresentation and Responsiibility: towards a system aesthetic James Coupe

Conscious art work Non-anthropocentric syntax Self-author and emergent Challenge notions of authorship 1928: general systems theory – challenge to castesian, Newtonian cybernetic: feedback systems (self-contained and self-regulatory) open and closed systems (living as closed – cannot ustd syst by ustdg parts in isolation)

Smithson

http://www.ctrl.me.uk/gsa

from object oriented to system oriented (systems consciousness)

posthuman art: human is no longer focus of the art

art that is alive, replace t human organism

ME: but replacing the human as artist right? Or human in art?

AI – effort to make a machine behave like a human

If a machine must be inttell, then logic must be based on itself rather than human - machine with own logic, would not be attempting to replicate something else (simulation) and would thus be real

Smith’s entropy: system as ungraspable

Kant’s distinction bw phenomena and noumena

Digital Warfare (art work) - system that connected people together of gallery guests, through text messaging - social instersis

Net Object Leonard Latiff

Cyborg Art History: Techno-aesthetics and metafictions of digital culture Elizabeth Menon http://www.snappyprof.com

(ppt on web)

REF: Virtual Art: from illusion to immersion – not very good for here students

Benjamin and McLuhan possible theorist, but many

Brenda Laurel – computer as theatre

http://www.sito.org/hygrid transgressions bw past and accepted media download original image and it murges with your own

Neo-Panofsky

Ann Hamilton - multi media with live performers

Yugo Nakamura - design/art? No navigation on website

Edinburgh International Games Festival (2003)

June 25, 2009

Notes from Edinburgh International Games Festival, August, 2003. Intro (Clive)

Emphasis creative aspect of game development

Tom Stone (LEGO MD)

“The future of entertainment is interactive” Exhibition has been sold out

CG industry fuelled by new alignment with established industries, Film, TV, book, sports rights

What is relationship with intellectual property? - exploit or add to quality of IP?

Who should be paying whom for IPR?

Sony and Microsoft has interactive entertainment is core to their strategies

Korea, online games becoming enormous

Lara croft, film industry is borrowing ‘our’ IP

Contribution games make to society?

How do we want to be thought of and what is being done to influence that?

New award initatives? Edinbugh’s EDGE award

“Need to take our place at the cultural and artistic top table.”

Rod Cousens (Worldwide President – Acclaim)

Welcome to the Games industry: Mass Media, Toy or Social Phenomenon?

Panel:

Alexander Kritovski, Journalist, about to embark on Phd in social psychology

Michele Cassius, EA exec, now Microsoft’s X-Box development,

Chris van der Kyle, CEO Biz entertainment, Chairman of Young Enterprise Scotland, Visiting Prof. Uni of Abertay Dundee

Ray Maguire, Sega Megadrive, now Sony Playstation UK,

David Gosen, Formerly BskyB, now Nintendo, took over N64 and gameboy, now game cube

Nick Parker, Nintendo, now Sony, VP Strategic Planning

Games industry often viewed as competition to music industry

Today, gaming is a different story.

Stresses interactivity of industry from creative perspective

Online component opening up new social experiences

Story telling now demanded in games

Content? Too violent? Too many war style games? Too realistic?

Stats suggest lack of interest in gaming from women - lack of interest or game just too narrow?

Games not responsible for moss side

Social experience with realism, more real than reality-TV

Nick Parker, Parker Consulting Ltd,

The Cultural Evlution of Video Games

1962, Ship, space Warp 1980 – pac-man, pac-man coin-op 1984 – Miner Willy, Jet Set Willy, C64

Growing market

128-bit console battle steady growth in PAL software Euro

in real terms market never declined since 1995

fcompare with cinema box office industry ($5billion), currently on trajectory to ($6billion).

Should be taken more seriously than we are Best selling franchises - only 5 based on tv/movie licence

Tomb Raider has highest awareness than any other game

“Market is still lacking mass appeal being highly segmented in gavour of the more hardcore gamer”

The evolution of Gaming Complexity - pong: up/down, one AI ball Pac Man - up/down, left right, multiple pick up

FIFA Fottball 93

The Sims 2.0 - AI families with DNA

Don’t want to get too realistic with graphics. Maintain the magic and creativity and fictionality of games

A Changing Demographic – who plays Game

1993: 50% under 13 yrs old (perceptions of being childish) 2002: 55% 18-35 yr olds 2002: women 10% of players (is mass market we need to access) 2002: 14% are senior generation (35 yrs plus)

Awareness of top licences different between men an women

Men: lara, tombraider, pokemon, teris Female: tetris, sims, From Vision magazine Women like cutesy platform game

The evolution of marketing

Series of PS commercials. From 1991

1. 8-bit NES: age profile, 8-10. price of £99. no price inflation over 10 yrs for console 2. supernintendo (1994): game show with rick mayall, 3. PS1 campaign, reverse psych, society against playstation: 4. backdrop of different people speaking about their experience, abstract, unclear, implication is gaming and what people do when playing. Doublelife: “for years I’ve lived a double life..” Do not underestimate the power of playstation (GET THIS ONE) 5. In chefs kitchen, not released, censored by French. Abuse of food. Picking nose, etc. 6. X box, woman giving birth, baby flies across city while growing old, lands in grave, ‘Life is Short’ ‘Play More’, X-box

Biggest evangelists are hardcore gamers, despite adverts

Commercials not main trigger

Word of mouth and mentor endorsement is (e.g. magazine) main trigger

Demo discs and IDUs work

Irreverence is cool for console brands at launch – PS reefer papers at Glastonbury, chill-out rooms at clubs, snowboard sponsorship, etc

But mass market demands simple communications and wide access to products which is only just starting (PS ads, Eye Toy (next trivial pursuit for christmas), supermarkets) - Fun Anyone PS campaign

The Future?

Online games market revenue growing Screen Digest report into online gaming (2002) - can play tetris on Sky for 50p per game - enormous growth in next 4 yrs

console subscriptions and mobile gaming big boom

Games on Demand

Yahoo, download game play

PSP - mobile game device

USB 2.0 Memory stick Sony – all singing, all dancing unit for adults - includes everything for computing

Conclusions

Lng term market value linear growth Evidence = continued growth

Online play revenues wil more than complement boxed ales

Technology progress unlocked gameplay potential

Marketing communication has influenced demographic expansion, but industry must seek to convert non-believers to make games market greatest entertainment medium through its inherent interactive and technological advantages.

Discussion

Ray Maguire: only 10 years since Sony made games.

Is it an expensive form of entertainment compared to other forms: audience says YES!

Games are too long

Disposable time more important than disposable income in game industry. Game are too long.

Are games toys or more? - too much naval gazing on segmenting the market - 11 yr old boys want to play same games as 16yr olds or 23yr olds - gamers segmented by games, not age - ME: types of game changes related to time of day or week

Alex: Need for quality pick-up-and-play games

Perception of quality for audience is what matters, not what game developers think is quality

ME: limitedness of quality inr elation to technical excellence limits the potential for gaming to be a valued cultural industry. If cinema was merely about good cinematography, it would have little value. The development of characters and emotional connectivity is what matters, not functionality.

Ray Maguire: We’re not very good at telling stories. Need to think about plot development. But is also very difficult to do with an open ended activity. This is why some of most successful games is racing. Next stage is getting acceptance for older age group. CONTACT HIM

Game playing isolating experience? Miohel: yes and no. single player game yes, but social phenomenon it is. Multi-player and online games need to play with somebody else. Dimension of social interaction allows it to enjoy a broader appeal. Will increase. Social phenomenon also because it influences other media. Matrix conceived through a ‘game-like’ conceptualisation. ME: this is interesting. How does a games-world view influence genre, such as sci-fi?

Games as male stronghold? Alex: not the games that put women off, it’s the advertising.

Seamus Blackley, Vice President, Capital Entertainment Group, sponsored by Tiga

Busted Games are not as big as film Games are in danger of becoming a derivative medium

Games bigger than film is myth of creative accounting 2002 us total retail games softtware sales, £5.5bn 2002 US total games market $10.3bn =$5.5.bn softare, 3.5 hardwhere, 1.3bn, peripherals

movie ind 2002 US box office: $9.1bn (1.9 billion tickets 2002 video rentals $8.4bn (3billion transactions)

Games lose on total sales by more than 2x Lose on content

Crushed on transactions/impressions - 162.7mm sofare units sold vs. 1.9 billion tickets

Games not nearly as big as TV 2001 NAB/TVB data $54.4bn US advertising

2002 US Music Sales $12.2

2002 US Leis Ent book $9.2

Games are not a cultural driver - they used to be, pacman fever - due to novelty then had to start earning audience. - PIXAR lesson: Computer generated characters interesting briefly, good characters last longer

Games from 80s more pop cultural force than anything we produce today. - Mark Ecko at Ziff 2002 - G4 graphics - Retro edge - Hummer H2 US national campaign (opens with Astreroids) Why?

Todays games not exploiting pop culture

Instead being driven by it - publishers crawl over one another to get access to IP from other media Film adaptation of game is seen as Validation

We chase our own tail - Sequelitis: instead of investing in new IP, we mobilize crusty old games o How many versions of Frogger can there be With are consciously, forfeiting own creative process in favour of external ideas

There are exceptions - cultural hits that touch nerve in mainstream culture o sims, GTA3, final fantasy

need to concentrate as industry on intentionally building games thatr have this power

need to be honest about audience – wh is it

Audience

Games portrayed negatively Disempowers us as an industry

Not true that this is our core audience - actually have significant disposable income

people making legislation are not actually members of our culture!!!!!

For consoles and pcs, 80% of sales happen where most people don’t go

Only one way to look at it,

To continue growing need to explicitly target demographic

Need to stop looking to external creative content to do job

The IP problem - publishers want awesome novel hit titles - but need predictable revenue o love sequels and licenses o love proven teams and ideas - unfortunately recent success of license properties is teaching dangerous lesson - data shows that real money is in original IP (for any creative industry)

Theses

Value of original IP seems to be misunderstood - strange given process paid for iP for other industries - and given prices paid for game IP o Max Payne $15m (to character and story) Industry at unsustainable position Other creative industries have gone through that - IP generation is the core of the business

Must find a way to concentrate on original IP production

IP nd prodn process

Have not take lessons from other hits businesses - structures to supp creative flexibility

we have structures that increasingly inhibit successful innovation - milestone payments royalty structure, greenlight process must fix this

learn what other industries’ creative pros already understand - conservative is not professional o audience wants to be surprised - best chance to be successful is work on projects of passion

Hits are engineered, not discovered!

Discussion:

Games industry more like music industry, but music industry works by having produced work on your own, in games industry that is difficult.

How can developers persuade publishers to go with an idea - act responsibly and professionally when you pitch something

how get more creative people into game development - it is a hard problem to tell stories in games, it is not that game developers are unaware of how to tell stories - important to be passionate at games, not just a story teller

how will games courses at universities affect industry? - critical and brilliant

Scotland leading way in UK

Chris Deering, President of Sony Entertainment Europe: Hollywood or Bust panel discussion

Panellists:

Peter Mullinue, Dungeon Keeper, Theme Park, Jason Kingsley, Alien vs. Predator, Tom Clancy’s, Tiga, Judge Dredd Brian Fraser, Alias sequels James Shean, Roller Coaster Tycoon – got people to submit their designs for the game through the web Charles Clemonson, MGM Licensing, 007 Scott Baylis, Exec Prod EA

Must think about editing process in films

Need to enhance affective gaming attributes

Scotland has been well head of most significant recent games.

Is notion of scripts and games an unnecessary distraction? Do people just want to play? -

EDGE Award - for cultural impact

Game Gym for campuses? - explore way in which can introduce gaming into universities.

Discussion on Hollywood or Bust

Film/TV maker and game developer must understand each others fundamentals

Actors role is interest in likeness

A-list talent is willing but ignorant

Game narrative more like TV than film

Music faces similar challenges to writing

Do not write a score - write music in chunks and trust game designer

Pre-production is key

Game development writer is lonely enterprise

Game developers don’t understand how films are made

To make industry leader, need good story and good performance

World Without Rules – Meet Your Makers

Jez San OBE, CEO Argonaut Games Finbar Hawkins – fightbox, take concept through web-pc-tv www.bbc.co.uk/fightbox Community enabled by technology

Innovation through Evolution

Innovation to t rescue for a rebirth Prince of Persia – Sands of Time

No real innovation in games

But real difference is level of realisation

Pre-production critical

Animation is THE field where quantity = quality - no Motion capture, all hand drawn

Molyneux

- Fable - RPG is about playing a character. Should be able to play who you like. o E.g. if out in sun, get a tan. If carrying big weapon, arm gets more muscular. o Also build game with other heroes. Compete with other heroes to solve quest o Simulated world can be affected e.g. people react to what you do e.g. walk around and swear at people e..g. be able to chat up people or kids in village dress like you and want to be you o Playing with friends should be poss, upto 4 people can play fable

Discussion

Dominic Dially, New Modern Age - online gaming innovative future?

Online console gaming interesting

Politics of Gaming? - characters, stories, etc

Miamoto Shigero San - Double Das and Mariokart

Phelong – Composer, Broken Sword and others

21st century art form industry is about communication

Panel: Williams, Hanagan, Deutsch

History of use of music, Deutsch - new art forms borrow from old, then distinguish themselves - music reinforcing what audience needed to be told - also continuity between shots - and need to take particular parts of film more emotionally seriously than others

Lang of muic in fames not yet worked out. Listeners is part of game and in film aim is to bring listen to the game

2001 Odyssey ending? - meaning of embryo, etc - revolutionary music written 80yrs before film and the film was cut to the film o Ricard Strauss, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, in relation to Nietzsche’s book, within which is the quote ‘What is ape to man, a laughing stock or a painful embarrassment. thus is man to superman”

Kubrick had to cut picture to the existing music - new and innovative - not happy with film now

Gregson-Williams, Shrek, Spygame, Armageddon, Rock, Metal Gear Solid

James Hannigan – played video of how to put music onto game – ASK FOR VIDEO

Deutsch - model is that we have a player who wants to put themselves into a film (i.e. game) - change metaphor for music in games -

International Association for the Philosophy of Sport (2003)

June 25, 2009

IAPS 2003 Notes Annual meeting, 1030am, sat

Andrew Edgar Sport as Performative Contradiction

Apel, cannot critique ethics, because requires employing an ethical discourse to do so.

Gunnar Brievik Is Base Jumping Morally Justifiable?

Are risk sports valuable, representing good values?

Method

Present prima facie arguments Intuitive No ethical theory Testby rational analytical tools Bring in some theoretical aspects towards end

Risk sports

High-risk Reckon with possibility of serious injury or death by doing sport Medium risk – may happen, but under unfortunate circumstances Low-risk – almost impossible to get serious injury

Arguments – expense for rescuing jumpers

Should be prohibited? Paternalist: base jumpers do not know what they are doing Moralist: persons are egotistic and selfish

Require 200 jumps from plane before you can jump from a cliff!

If prohibit base jumping, then must prohibit many others

What kind of people are involved in basejumping? - academics, doctors, family people - control freaks - standing at edge: scared to death

Ivo Jirasek Ontology of Experience and Extreme Sports

Friday 1030am TC201 Dewey and competitive

Democracy and community for Dewey are necessarily intertwined

Charlene Weaving The Hooker: analogy between prostitution in sport Julia Roberts in sport Nussbaum: prostitution should be decriminalised - people against it support inequality

Keith Thompson Sport and Utopia

Henri Rousseau ‘the Footballers’ – Guggenheim NYC - utopian, since nothing of conflict within it - they are playing about, not playing o in Thompson’s utopia, must be the latter

what seems ideal is totally boring - ideal of completing a round of golf in 18 strokes - challenge is only a challenge if you can fail to meet it

concept of utopia implodes and we are well rid of it

replace utopia for intrinsica

Simon Eassom for the IOC, distinction between natural and unnatural is necessary distinction on which the condemnation of technology is based

Ray Williams – Nature problematic concept – Materials of Culture

Nature as absence of man’s influence

We possess a nature and behave according to these ways

HN does not mean that we participate in a nature

We are precisely designating those features.

Notion of our having a nature carries similar …. As saying that animals do not have one

Exclude modes of conduct that do not conform to animal norms

Sport is one remaining arena where natural is threatened by unnatural (e.g. homoerotica)

Authenticity corrupted by cultural progress (unnatural)

Sport schizonphrenic: primativity of play, cyborgian culture

Enlightenment: development of art, science, cult part of project of rediscovering value of being human

Point is not to return to previous primitivity

Gould vs. Dawkins - Gould rails human chauvinism in definitions of progress - Dawkins: progress as tendency to improve human….

Drug user in sport is denaturalised by media, etc

Frankenstein’s monster as ugly

Male athlete not re-sexed by de-sexed Female athlete loses reproductive integrity

Historicity of nature - ME: but this is not an argument for rejecting the natural, but rejecting a particular conception of the natural

Andrew Courtwright Objections to Maxim - could rethink to use: e.g. When I believe my muscle are not getting enough oxygen, will use epo to boost - motivation for doping: usually a competitive argument, not to get more oxygen to muscles o ME: not sure I accept this, but even if it is true, if I want to do it for that reason, can I?

Final objection - Imagine someone faster than anyone else o If she uses drug, does not seem to be to gain a competitive edge o Depends on how good an athlete you are

Not surprising that Formula of Universal Law generates these objections

Formula of Humanity - Treating someone as means not acceptable (Respect for persons argument) - Treat someone in a way that they cannot consent, not just that they would not consent - By using PE drugs, are treating other competitors as means o But: if develop a technique that others do not have. This seems impermissible. But need to distinguish this from doping.

Kingdom of Ends Formula - indiv agent as part of community of agents - what sorts of maxims are rationally acceptable to community of agents - FKE resembles Rawls’ original position

Not all PE drugs are dangerous, but majority are in the way in which athletes use them. Conclusion: Athletes who dope are performing a wrong action. - Presuming the motivation is to gain a competitive advantage - modify: athletes who dope, just to gain a competitive advantage, are performing a wrong action.

Doping rules are set up to exclude pharma from sport, while other scientists can make a lot of money

Question: based upon your argument, it would seem that iff the motivation is not to gain a competitive edge and is, perhaps, an expression of our ‘posthumanness’, then you do not wish to prevent me from doing this. The problem is, that is the position of international sport.

Saturday 915am shouler@optonline.net If my life is finite, why am I watching this damned game?

Genetics and Sport (2003, Sept 30, Geneva)

June 25, 2009

Genes in Sport, Geneva, Sept 30 2003 GATTACA - crucial point in film where two brothers are swimming against each other and the GM brother says to his brother ‘we cant see the shore, we have to turn back’. This moment is very interesting because it reveals the relative importance of that contest in comparison to their broader dispute (which was what gave rise to the contest). - Hero is not merely the ‘natural’ athlete, but also the benevolent and ‘injured’ GM athlete.

Bengt

Bob Goldman (1984) – if take drugs, big success, then death, would you =52% said yes

Lane, T. 2003 Jan A future of jocks, genes and jingoism. www.theage.com

Veronique L. Bilat Why do Kenyans run so well?

Wolfarth, B. Genes and sports performance: what do we know today, what will we know tomorrow?

GENATHLETE study

ACE and Performance

NOS3 and Performance

Aerobic performance and trainability - which genes are involved - what are major intermediate phenotypes for aerobic performance and regulation? - Poss to predict aerobic performance and trainability levels using genetic markers?

ACEII (not a strong candidate gene) - cardiac contractility - cardiac and vascular hypertrophy - vasoconstriction - Rigat, B. et al NAR20: 1433, 1992 - Inertion-/Deletion - Montgomery, HE Nature (1998) - ACE in the HERITAGE study o Cannot support concept that ACE locus plays a contribution to training

No difference between genotypes of trained and untrained athletes, with respect to ACE I/D –polymorphism.

Outside of sport related research (e.g. hypertension), similar findings

ACE I/D also asso with left ventricular hypertrophy - Landry et al JAMA 1985 254, 1 - Kupari, 1994, Am J Physio - Montgomery (1997, Circulation, 96(3) 741-747

Material and Methods LVM (Left ventricular mass)

LVM and LVMI of different ACE I/D genotypes and allele carriers - any differences between genotypes and carriers? o No overall association between ACE I/D and LVMI • But new studies using higher sample o For carrier status, a small significant difference between I carriers and D carriers • But I carriers had higher mass (Montgomery concluded that D is responsible for training)

NOS (Nitric oxide synthase) - REF: McAllister, RM Med Sci sport Exercise, 27 - Nadaud et al, 1994, - Nakayama et al 199 – hypertension and left ventric hypertrophy o Found link between patients with hypertension and left ventric hypertrophy had allele o Perhaps play a role in endurance o 4 polymorphisms in NOS3 genes analysed o no different between EEA and SC o no signif in overall distribution o but higher proportion for 164 base pair allele • why? Not sure yet. Might be marker for variant in surrounding genes, need to screen gene for variants

Perusse, tankinen, Rauramaa, migual rivera, wolfarth, bouchard Human gene map for performance and health related fitness phenotypes: the 2002 update, Med Sci Sport Exercise , Vol 35, no.8

Sandro Rusconi Dept of Medicine, Biochemistry, Uni of Fribourg

Basic understanding of genes - what is a gene, molecular biology dogma, genetic diseases, environmental factors, ageing

Essential concepts

DNA – RNA - Protein 100000 genes, more than 300000 functions

no such thing as a genetic disease, except for monogenic ones, e.g. muscular dystrophy, where genetic component is dominant

other conditions are significantly environmental and bahvioural - Familiar breask cncer, poradic breast cancer, lung cancer, obesity, atherosclerosis, alzhiemers, parkinsons, dru abuse, homosexuality

Genes important but cannot define them because they are multi-functional

Science-grade material can be prepared easily Clinical-grade material is more difficult (i.e. GNP prepared vectors for patients) Millilitre of XX is 1franc, for GNP is 10000Francs (safety measures)

Molecular medicine - prevention, diagnosis, therapy

Four eras of molecular medicine - eighties: genes as probes (pre-natal diagnosis) - nineties: genes as factories (isolate gene and put back to work into cells, e.g. yeast, growth factors, pharma products, many of which save lives) - Y2K: genes as drugs – inject gene into body to correct - Post-Y2K: post-genomic era

If we live long enough we all get Alzeimers and Cancer! - these are part of ageing process

Somatic gene transfer

Definition of FT – use of genes as drugs (correcting disorders by somatic gene transfer

Chronic, acute, preventive Hereditary and acquired disorders Loss of function, gain of function

Why somatic? - somatic gene transfer is a post-natal treatment aiming at somatic cells o does not led to a hereditary transmission of genetic alteration • Is not a Genetic selection

Four fundamental questions - efficiency - specificity (which kind of tissue to address) - persistence (acute or rapid treatment) - toxicity (how toxic is treatment)

Pharmacological considerations

Classical drugs - synthetically prepared, rapid diffusion,oral delivery poss, cellular delivery, can be delivered as soluble molecules, rapidly reversible treatment

Protein drugs - e.g EPO - biggermolecules - cannot enter into cells - act exocellary - if stop using, effect will go away

Nucleic acids - larger - biologicall prepared - slow diffusion - oral delivery inconceivable - cellular dlivery: no membrane, no nuclear, no biological import - must be delvered as complex carrier particles - slowly or not reversible

therapy with nucleic acids - reqs particularted - more complex - different degrees of reversibility

3 classes of physio gene delivery - exvivo (bone marrow, liver cells, skin cells) - invivo (topical delivery) e.g. brain, muscle, eye, joints, tumours) - invivo (systemic delivery) intravenous,inttra arterial, intra peritoneal o bigger implications

2 classes of gene transfer - non viral transfer (transfection) Nuclear envelope barrier, see Nature Biotech, Dec 2001 - Viral gene transfer (infection)

Popular vectors - Adenovirus o No persistence o Limimited packaging toxicity - adeno-associated Very - retrovirus (include. Hiv) o limited package, random insertion,

Gene Therapy in Clinic - cancers main

A of Sept 2002, 599 registered protocols, 4000 treated patients - 86% phase I - 13% phase II - 1% phase III

Genetic milestone - gives overview of recent science - all experimental

(Road runner cartoon, cayote on drugs)

currently, side effects would and should ethically limit science

3 levels of doping

possible treatments - Before the competition anabolic enhancers - During competition – performance enhancers - After competition – repair enhancers

Anti-TNF factor, BMPs

Current limitations Viral gene transfer (immune problems, limited readmin, gen toxicity Nonviral (inefficient Strategy-indep (laborious, long term different to control, irreversible

Side effects - short – mid term, autoimmunity, hyperimmunity, toxic shock - long term: fibrosis cancer, inaccessibility to other interventions

Intrinsic to reckless apliaction (problem biggest danger) - malpractice (unsuitable vector administration route) - non-clinical grade material (pathogens or allergens)

Detection - antibody detection (viral antigens) - r-nucleic acids

Anatomoically difficult to detect

Need muscle biopsy - before permit, need strong suspician!

Gene based doping versus drug or protein based doping - drug protein is most possible - gene doping detection is difficult or impossible

odds speak against adoption of gene-based doping - b tu this applies to common-sense clinical practice and this aspect is not guaranteed in doping field

entire sector of sport where doping is not rigorously controlled

major risk is with premature application

5-10 yrs before effects has been a lot of bad science and Stock market crash has got rid of bad scientist - follow this up!

Alex Mauron Gene Doping

Ethics of human gene manipulation Convention vs gene doping, ethical differences? Doping and ethics of sport Doping and ethics of human enhancement

Gene therapy: initial ethical debate 1980s - somatic, and therapeutic OK - germ-line and enhancement, NOT OK

enhancement is called doping - not correct: non-medical therapy is characterised as enhancement. That’s all.

1990s many clinical trials of somatic gene therapy, often for polygenic diseases few successes ‘normalisation’ of somatic gene therapy, that is increasingly felt to be similar to any innoivative chemotherapy (paradigm of DNA medicine – A. Kahn) normal doesn’t mean harmless (the Gelsinger case)

Gelsinger case largely misunderstood - reaction was ‘gene therapy is dangerous’ - actually, clinical research is dangerous, not just genetics! (whenever system of ethical process breaks down, then it becomes dangerous)

still, messing with genes of humans remains highly controversial. Why?

Genomic metaphysics - genome represents ontological hardcore of organism, determining both its individuality and species identity - Mauron, Genomic metaphysics J Mol Biol, 219, 2002 - Mauron, Is t genome t secular equivalent of soul, science, 2001, 291:831-832

Gene therapy debate concludes that somatic gene therapy is ethically similar to pharma therapy

Same relationship to gene doping and pharma doping

Therefore gene doping would be objectionable on same grounds as doping - ME: not true: doping is typically associated with anti-social behaviours and a negative sporting culture. Gene doping doesn’t have that context, but if we make it illegal, then we imbue it with that framework

Back to therapy./enhanement distinction

In gene therapy, ethics just as in sport ethics, therapy ok, enhancement is not.

Standard ethics of sport - let best win - to bethe best, ought to result from virtuous combintion of innate talent of personal meirt and effort, plus some degree of luck - chemistry or genetics represent moral shortcuts that substitute undeserved facility where there should be meritorious effort and excellece - doping disturbs the ‘level playingfield’ need for a fair competition

doping is immemorial - ME: this is reason to question the moral discourse running through it

Be it through genetics, drugs, or divine intervention, sports has always attracted cheating

Notion of level playing field may be an illusion - talent: includes genetic differences - first order capacities (muscultaion potential, bone structure, lung capacity, etc) - second order capacities (somatopsychic, insentitivity to pain, endurance etc) - such capacities are unequally distributed almost by definition real reason of prohibition has little to do with fairness, actually has to do with the threat to health of athletes (threatens it more severely than intensive sports training does) - ME: how do we make this conclusion? - Well I agree, but this is a partial reading of the situation. Anti-doping is poltically more entrenched than the health issue

What is the merit in sport?

What is merit in scientific training? - ME: hmmm, it is not easy, as our first presentation indicated

Difference between sports and other competitive human activities - ME: not sufficient

Our concepts of fairness and merits have been honed by other human activities, and have been applied to sports in appropriately

Conclusion

Enjoy the freaks, Mark Lawson, The Guardian, June 7, 2003.

European College of Sport Science (2003)

June 25, 2009

ECSS congress Roger Rees victory, violence and values

Rees@adelphi.edu

Ref lessons of the locker room

Game reasoning - bredemeier and shields - moral reasoning in sports more egotistical than everyday life

Playing with pain is part of fair play, but injuring otherwise is not

Norwegian Sport City Program Skille

Sport for All driving policy

Myths of Norway NOC Monopoly, autonomy, and rel bw them and sport for all

Wolfarth, genathlete Do not think that ACE gene has any role in endurance

Msse yearly fitmap update

Heritage study

Animal models

Need to examine other genes

Q. Genetic endowment or trained ability ? - studydoes not take account of trainability, but not convinced that this would be such a wide difc

What about sprinters? - need higher sample size also limit of his study

Shuichi Chakravarthy,J Biol Chem, 2000

How. Does IGF-1 lnfluence p27Kip1 protein IGF-1 inhibit p27Kip1 Forced expression of Fox01 increased p27Kip1 IGF-1 promoted phophorylation of Akt and Fox01 skeletal muscle

Fox01 implicated in aging

Matsakas, myostatin Inhibit Myostatin promote muscles growth myostatin important for muscles growth through exercise

Volkwein, Distorted Body Image Eating disorders

6th Joint International Meeting of leaders from Higher Education Institutes (2003)

June 25, 2009

Olympia 2003: 6th Joint International Meeting of leaders from Higher Education Institutes. Doug Brown

Life histories on Olympians in and around Calgary, to assess the legacy of the Calgary Games.

Gertrud Pfister – gender and the Olympics

Problem of resources – poverty linked to lack of representtion (Jennifer Hargreaves)

2 of 1999 NOCs with female president

5% females in 13,000 top positions in sport world wide

1981 IOC ‘men only’ 1981 2 women in the IOC 2002 8.7% women Exec board 14m to 1 women President, vice presidents make Presidents NOCs, 197 men, 2 women

Concern for athletes posing nude for Playboy - is this a sporting concern about gender? Is it even a concern about gender? Or do we care more generally about people posing nude for magazines? If the latter, then do we merely assert a conservatism, when we assert a concern for this phenomenon? Why are we concerned about the sexualisation of ‘people’?

International Festivals & Events Association (2003 March)

June 25, 2009

Agricola, Esther - KEI Rotterdam Urban renewal in the Netherlands

Www.kei-centrum.nl

kei workng since 2000

Cities experience - urban renewal policies - dutch pragmatis 1985-2005 - policy in postwar-neighbourhoods 2000-

Very small cities in the Netherlands

Emphasis on new neigh

Dutch pragmatism - compact city policy (1985-2005) - revitalising inner cities - go to Barcelna for inspiration Two instruments for it 1- VINEX (title of policy doc) instead of New towns : densifying space 2- key projects in special iner city locatiions: waterfronts, station areas, brownfields Dfference ViNEX n key rojects - 1 crossed many areas - very difficult ; 2 - a success, much easier to develop, less need to negotiate with diff groups

1994 - OSB - regeneration process, now with support for owners n renters

Meanwhile - ambitious architecture policy 1990s many policy docs produced 'space n architecture', ' architecture of space', shaping the Netherlands, etc... 1 about conscious raising, 2 upscale policy making - ref to market forces, 3 focus on enlisting major projects - motorways aesthetic, uses of public spaces, national museum chief government architect - responsible for grand projects, agenda setting, national funds, quite geneous 15 mill euro for specific architecture policy, also local patronage netherlands architecture institute

These architectural policies in 1990s in a time of recession - a time for reflection

Urban renewal for 2000

Focus on post-war neighbourhoods - modernistic, top down, severe separation of functions - industrial mass produced article - Policy - integrate social, physical n economic aims - immigrants, poverty, a challenge - change bad image - urbanism has a very bad image in the city neighbourhoods, different from coast lines, harbours that brings opps for fantasy, be creative - break through monofunctionalism - everybody likes mixture of fuctions - but how to do it in post-war areas? ie. Old neighborhoods full of innmigrants from Suriname in bad quality areas - only housing, no shops etc - restructuring housing supply - not only basic but also high income, big houses - to do the above, more power for the cities - public - partners partnerships, multiplier - new bottom-up policy - more negotiation, open for suggestions

Searching for new strategies (2000-20150 - urban renewal as a cultural task evolve from housing project to wider aspects - history, identity, people, progress - have a clear vision on the kind of city you want to accomplish - new planning instruments and design methods for post-war neighbourhoods need new approaches, not top down - discuss the meanng of strategies - avoid urban renwal being addition of ideas that are not sustainable; urban renewal works with a livng organism not tabula rasa - from neighbourhood to region development ges beyond the city - cultural planning - new relations btween city n country do not focus only on it

Important flexibility - how to balance use of buildings that ca last 50/100 yars n a society that is changing constantly

The european city of clture title was 'invisible'- very much focused on dscussing with comunities - social aspects at the core, but not sufficiently seen n appreciated by the general public- CHECK MORE

Worpole contribution - notio of INVISIbILITY - ie. Parks, invisible for policy makers - you cannot count visitors etc. The outdoors spaces are almost invisible there

Cottam, hilary 'The do Tank: From talking to doing - living and creating cities'

- looking at cities in a different way - how thinking this way can help to make changes - case study

Ares to debate - social exclusion,...

Constantly reinventing a language for matters that are always reappearing, always the same

Issues 1- the build space 2- merging of the senses, creativity

1) Thinking of cities

- lack of creative approaches - ie. Manuel Castells - cities seen as 'framework for action', not sth interactive, - cities n buildings are more than contents - they influence our aspirations - using ideas by henry Lefevbre - used by architecture theorists - problems - idea of 'home' reduced to the idea of 'housing' - Difficulty - coordination of ideas n aproaches - all is compartimente

Changing though about built space - realise social effeccts

Ideas about built space incorporated in literature - the awful sofa that affects hw an entire family feels - compare with feeling resulting from bad neighbourhood

2) Ask different questions

Policy makers

Designers Policy analysis Professional expertise Psychologists, other disciplines

End users

Bring together professional, practical exp and theories

Break boundaries btween theory n practicy, senses and fcts

Problems of approach - both issues in top down and bottom up approach

If you are interdisciplinary al influence each other

Not only a blue print solution By focusing on real unique problem, we can focus on unique solution

UK situation - massive investment in built envirnment, greater since end WW2, but these policy issues not being considered - ie. Design of schools etc.

1999- decisin to massively invest in buildings - lots into corporate world, n housing - no renewal of schools - in low income areas, school replicates low morale of housing environment

The building you get into, the feelings around it can determine your feelings about your role in society

Discuss with students/ teachers / parents - 3 months of workshops n interaction to study what knd of building they would need

Results - new design is adapted to the needs n questions raised during consultation

Develop new approach incorporating new perspectives

Some lessons - in searching for meanings in the new city we still use lots of XIX concepts - - bringing different ways of thinking we can question some of these traditions -

Gordon, ch

City centres

Report by Org eco development - ref glasgow renaisssance - CHECHK

Changes in centre - 1974 pedestranised streets, far before many UK cties - the M8 - helped to ake pedestranisation possible - 1990, 300m ecus fr buchanan galleries - 1987 princess sq - rETAil mass - insist 2n after londn? - metro - 3r oldest in world - clyde port bld - GO SEE - 3rd busiest tourist destination in the UK? After Lndon n Edinburgh - CHECK - 1999 - Horns for the future- - 6000 design obs in city spread over 600 enterprises dif fields? - clyde waterfrnt regeneration- changre from industrial use to nexus - the armadillo / SECC - business tourism very lucrativem one of the strongest in city - glasgow green - rowing area in the clyde - emphasis on good quality architecture n design in the develooment - also ore light transport in these areas

QUESTIONS - cooperation btween cities in Scotland - Glasgow - Edinburgh issues- cooperation btween leaders of councils - but discussions behind the scenes - in any case, not as much competition in other areas -- governance issues - themes in the urban agenda of cities very similar - cities review - only a start - no ref to other arts n culture activity beynd architecture n design - CONTACT BACK

Henderson, john 'Cities Review'

Views on cities have changed - Scotland, a very urban place - pioneering in the world - 4 out of 5 scots live in cities

Diversity of Scottish cities the social and the economic - what about the cultural? - cultural activity is key to the attractiveness of cities

Design aspects (within the cultural) - how is it used for regeneration?

Team behind cities review - 6 cities n neighbouring areas - by may 2003 a vision for them over 10 years - key things in special planning, transport, education etc. - are these policies integrated? = money- less important than process -but a growth fund 19 pounds for it - stimulate activity, generate things - when cities review was published in jan 03, mixed reaction - expectation of sth more dramatic, this should not be the case - issues of report - boundaries - henderson doesnt think it should - - Cities in Glasgow - different feel - space distribution in Glasgow - US feel, more logical? - Glasgow, reinventing itself - big role in tourism within UK - this opens new opps for jobs etc- the service side - consider social justice - school situation - high secondary school basis in glasgow, innovative

Edinburgh - transport issues - direct flights development - avoid being so inward looking - Community planning framework - consider

Devolution process - enthusiasm, new confidence in Scotland? STUDY

Concepts to consider around cities - Common good fund - Good neighbour together principle -

Joiner, Rob 92003) Housing in cities

What is housing ina city? - the city is somewhere you go to, not sth you pass through - a place to meet - somewhere that has a purpose - somewhere to enjoy - for whom? assumptions - single people

- Part of the city? some developments are not addressng the city - use the river side only for houses, no meeting areas, you do not feel welcome - exemple - a school covered by houses why cannot you go to live in the city n have kids? Others do it

Social housing

- poor people living in the cty centre - houses destructed n substituted by abominable hives - the issue of renting or buying - in Scotland, you feel you have to buy if you have the money -

Reconnecting people to the city - East end in glasgow - no houses to rent in Merchant city - Problem - wiping out people's past in glasgow- all landmarks, etc - barriers- from the east end to the city centre, derelict, empty, dangerous areas

Does it matte? - if you build houses in cities, they must do sth in the city - housing providing a sense of digity to those inhabiting

Aristotle -to be excellent, we need to be it every day: excellence is not an act, is a habit

MacLennan, duncan - First Ministers Review of Scottish Cities

Outline - new perceptions, challenges Rogers taskforce, social inclusion cities review, interest in contrasting another report UK wide - what does success mean? - what we need to do - conclusions

Perceptions of the cities review - argue about personal interests - media criticism - comparing who is giving more or less, no wider question

Reactions - get out of the obsessions with detail, the narrow focus. Look at the wider questions

1, time to move on - the process CR produces extensive review better cities - debate within SE, local authorities, wider not just finance, boundaries - challenges our evidence, how we understand the world visions, aims, delivery systems

1. Shiftng perseptions - post 1970- decline, decay, disadvantage - post 1995- new sectors, employment up - moderate EU performance, good UK - roger's like renaissance for 2 decades - high city quality, UK n EU terms - city recovery, in wider growth context RECOVERY, WITH POVERTY: TWIN TRACK?

We are not dealing with hugely disadvantage areas anymore, not majority is unemployed, not acceptable the sort of neighbourhoods available for old unemployment

Population has changed, city prices. The population is down, but full usage of city centre houses - people favoures life the cities ?? Check numbers

Opportunities are better

Challenges

- beyond dismissal- decline/decay/disadvantage - relative success- complete, cohere, compact - multiple competition - tradeoffs exclusion, growth - normative/political success measures - multi-level, multi-sector complexities : so what? - indicator ambiguity, correlations - setting objectives, benchmarks, delivering

WHAT WORKS< FOR WHOM< WHERE?

II English core cities - success requires

- Transport n IT - Advanced research - high qualified labour - quality facilities - Europe quality centre - effective servces/gov - culture, sophisticated - good housing choices - environental excel - inclusive and diverse

WHAT BEHAVIOURS, CHOICES, POLICIES PRODUCE THESE QUALITY OUTCOMES

In Scotland high science concentration in terms of papers Creative, cultures

need to define what we mean - what do we want/

Ii. Key routes to success - better city thinking, coherent visions - economic challenges

Challenge 1- thinking - post 1980s- losing the place in policy - emerging synthesis- - ...

Change 2 - economic success - land, space in eco framework - enteprise strategy, space or not? - labour market - shortages - strategies - schools - benefits - retaining graduates - technology, innovation n the cities - improving space, positionng property - transport, infrastructure - new approach?

SMART, SUCCESSFUL CITIES

Not enough to concentrate in business isssues The SE, LAs, others need to improve Be clearer about the issues - land, property, infrastructure provision,

Change 3 - homes - high quality cities, improving housing - high/rising prices - priority issue - BUT- neglected older neighbourhoods - BUT - neglected council homes, tenants - capacity, mix n transfers - evolve - BUT- poor design, neglected planning - poor schools, crime fear other keys

STOP SQUEEZING COMMUNITIES SCOtLAND!

- changing things in scottish housing is too difficult - refs to bodies being too obstructive - scottish homes, regeneration group try to battle this (?/) agencies that can act - being removed - SE going the long well

Bad decision making in the process -

III Change - lively cities - centre realm - patchy fragmented - commonity planing n BIDS - retailing - NPPG8; ciy-region relations - arts n culture - sustaining performance? - NOT ENOUGH FUNDING - distributing funds, being distributive

III Sustainable cities - ppor on waste, energy loss, traffic ...

Governance - need a dialogue - no need to say citizens what to do - but discussion must start - quangos roles? - agree on measures to improve cities - negotiate openly - produce new ideas

Worpole, Ken

Urban renaissance, a design solution? The renewal of interest in the public domain, Barcelona r Copenhagen? - beyond US entrepreneurialism - focus on privatisation (Thatcher influence) - connections city centre n neighbourhoods - study rels with other areas Experiments in living - encourage diversity - respond to enormous demographic changes

Towards an rban Renaissance - report written by experts - the 'design'solution only - emphasis on the buildings, not the people (london approach)

The design solution - Boyer, Christine 'The City of Collective Memory' - - Smienk, Gerrit (1995) Modern Park Design - a conference about bringing landscape, economy etc togethre - no UK representative

Grands projets in cities (the French aproach) - Barcelona- architecture fitting the culture of the city - Newcastle- giving a place an identity (angel, bridge) - Paris - les Halles ??, parks - gardens before houses - London - the millenium dome - big, grandiose projects that are not sustainble - British library at the British Museum - you go once, is wonderful but you dont return ; bridge in front Tate modern without cycling path - Greenwich - milenium village - no info about its design - Sweden new millenium village - exploring new social relations - Rotterdam - design over social relations in many areas - the benefits of lottery for new projects, hardly anything for maintenance- no garden support

If the public space is a social space, design is good, but the maintenance and use is qhat really matters

The rules of engagement - - Levett, Roger n Christie, Ian (1999) towrds the ecopolis: sustainable development n urban governance, Comedia / Demos

Institue of Public Policy Research - redesigning democracy

Urban governance in Britain - voting patterns in sub-national elections in Europe - compare with recycling schemes - Denmark 80%, Germany 72%... UK 40% Environmental agenda is embedded in civic agenda as well

The congestion charging scheme in London - it is working very well - study notion of rules and ability to bring change in public debate - changing attitudes towards public space not only through design but attitudes - more cyclists, walking - car free days - NYC - public parks - strongly policed, codes of conduct, respected

Conclusions - universalism in political n social policy is weak - universalism in environmental policy is strong - urban policies need to support 'experiments in living' - the issue of the public domain...

London 2012 Creative & Digital Industries (2009, Jun)

June 19, 2009

Manchester, 2009.06.19

Paul Newman

Media City

5 BBC depts., 1600 jobs

BBC Five Live

BBC Childrens

BBC Sport

Local radio, comedy, some news and current affairs

Peter Salmon, BBC North

- chief commissioner of Media City

Anne Thompson

NWDA, Sector Leader Sport

Scale of Olympics

ME: numbers of media are inaccurate. These are the IOC and Organizing Committee accredited figures 13k broadcast, 7k print. But in Beijing, you had another 11000 media present and many more without accreditation from the official broadcasters.

CompeteFor

- main mechanism to receive contract opportunities

- must be registered and published

Claire Stocks (Editor, Olympics, Sport Interactive)

Tim Plyming, Chief Executive, Digital Olympics

BBC Sport

Beijing 2008

Digital Olympics

4.5million visitors to website each day

2million of them looking at clips

2004 – Athens

2.5million live streams

2008 - Beijing

38-40 million live streams

Digital Olympics

- bring all parts of technical development to crecendo in 2012

last 3 Olympics have been described as a digital games, but nobody has really delivered this yet

we have a unique timing clash – switch off of analogue

Digital Britain

provision of 2mbps broadband in every homoe by 2012

raise awareness of digital content

30% of population happy wth analogue signal

audience expectation

- extended choice, immediacy, interactivity

Beijing

Tv – 74%

Online – 31%

Radio – 15%

Mobile – 2%

aspiration for 70% online reach

nbc Beijing 2008

- first time they developed rich video services

- Beijing was biggest event in us history

- But rich digital services were complimentary

Sold out advertising target within a week of Games

Hours BBC put in can at last games

Sydney – 300hrs

Athens – 1250hrs, 4000 HD

Beijing, 2750hrs, 4000 HD

London – 5000hrs, 5000 HD

How connect audiences across all platforms to this HD content?

3 phases towards 2012

build up: news stories
2011: countdown phase – cultural Olympics, torch relay, music festivals
2012: programme of events leading to games time.

ME: but what about Games time as a distinct phase? How can you integrate non-sporting dimensions? How involved with non sport depts. Of bbc be with other content

Pulling all content together

ME: but people don't want a distinct platform, they want you to allow them to pull it into something else, like Facebook

Legacy from Olympics – an integrated platform for post Games events

IPTV

- 2012 first IPTV Olympics

Mobile

- in Beijing, followed live text commentary

ME: what about street reporters?

Unless got a high end unlimited device, you’re not really using mobile for video

Audio might be the main story for mobile, not video

Radio (DAB)

Live Sites

- interactive services, interact with mobile, Bluetooth download zones

ME: are there plans to deliver navigation and orientation content to mobiles, rather than produce print material?

Alex Balfour

25% of world online by 2012 (+44%)

17 countries will have > 60% broadband penetration by 2012, uk 58% to 74%

people having conversations online

Mobile trends:

- mobile penetration 100% in Western Europe

early adoption 13.5% vs innovators 2.5%

8 yr cycle to get to 60% penetration

simple new media model

new media products and services (help efficiency or cost effective) (eg. ticketing, education programme)

put out on YouTube, Flickr

ME: if you are in the 2.5% of innovators, what platforms are you looking at for use in 2012? Is Twitter a clear commitment for instance? Are there others that you think people here should be working with, developing the applications, etc.

If not on Facebook, then we’re invisible.

ME: Can we engage people in Olympic park using digital? Eg. harnessing the Sponsors venues, which are the most prominent – or around pin trading, the other major games time cultural experience.

ME: how are you working with Olympic park infrastructure to make it more interesting?

Cultural Olympiad – artists taking the lead

ME: What are you not yet into, but which you have plans to be involved with?

Opportunities around venues, dressing buildings etc

Bring together digital content.

ME: you talk about dressing venues, have you found that you can talk to the individual sponsors who will be in the venue to build digital into their programmes?

My2012

- technology platform and sponsor already

- channelled through social networks

Inspire Mark programme

Sponsors have expressed interest in digital

ME: Is digital the first way in history that sponsorship will enter Olympic venues?

To contact me:

200 word email

Debbi Lander

SKV

Equivalent Advertising Cost

Q and A

www.londonolympics2012.com

- how can we get support?

Brand protection

- have been looked at and we’ve approved or raised questions

Bernie Lubell

June 18, 2009

Photos from the exhibition opening.

Troubling Classifications: Categorizing Chimeras and Enacting Species Preservation (2009, Jun 11, London)

May 27, 2009

Troubling Classifications: Categorizing Chimeras and Enacting Species PreservationDr Carrie Friese Lecturer in the Sociology of the Life Sciences and Biomedicine LSE 11th June 2009 5pm - 7pm H102 (First Floor, Connaught House)

This paper asks how chimeras, particularly puzzling biological organisms that have garnered significant attention as of late, are being officially classified in the specific situation of endangered species preservation. Based on a qualitative study of endeavours to clone endangered animals in the United States, I contend that biology alone cannot determine the classification of these interspecies organisms. Rather, categorizing chimeras requires metaphoric, schematic references to more familiar entities. Here culture and biology are tools for classification. Building on Adele Clarke’s method of positional mapping, I show that positions on classification represent an intermediary space between thought and action in elaborating a discourse of cloning endangered wildlife, which shapes the meaning of wildlife animals, the practices of preservation and zoos, and the materiality of endangered species.

All welcome, no ticket required. Seats allocated on a first-come, first served basis. Map of LSE and surrounding area: http://www.lse.ac.uk/resources/mapsAndDirections/

This seminar will be followed by a drinks reception in the BIOS Centre, V1100 (11th floor, Tower 2).

Engaging with synthetic biology (2009 18 Jun, London)

May 27, 2009

Engaging with synthetic biology 18th June 2009, 9.45am – 12.15pm The Royal Academy of Engineering London

Chair: Professor Robert Winston HonFREng FMedSci, Imperial College, London

Speakers: Professor Richard Kitney OBE FREng, Imperial College London Dr Jane Calvert, University of Edinburgh Dr Suzanne King, People Science & Policy

Panellists: Professor Robin Gill, University of Kent Professor Paul Freemont, Imperial College London Fiona Fox, Science Media Centre

If you would like to attend, please complete and return the booking form which is available from: http://www.raeng.org.uk/events

Please do forward this invitation to colleagues, who may also be interested in attending

MedeaElectronique - residencies 2009

May 27, 2009

MedeaElectronique media lab residenciesKoumaria2009 ? international open call

http://www.medeaelectronique.com/residencies

Between the 23rd and 31st of October, 2009 MedeaElectronique organizes Koumaria fall residency offering a week?s retreat for media artists in rural Sparta, Greece.

At the foot of Mount Taigetos, a huge private olive grove will be transformed into a laboratory for contemporary art. Offering a 400 square meter residency made into a mixed media art studio, we aim to bring together artists of different disciplines in order to develop a collective mixed media art project.

We are interested in the process itself, as a hypothesis and as an experiment in the search for an emerging work ethic, an intense and refreshing experience that will serve as a model for future creative gatherings.

The outcomes we are aiming at: ? A public performance on the 31st of October in Athens, Greece ? Material and ideas for further research and processing ? Recorded improvisations and other emergent pieces of work to be shared and distributed in appropriate forms between the participants ? Documentation of the whole process to be analysed and elaborated on ? Further inspiring and productive collaborations to be initiated

The specificity of the place hints towards thematic directions relating to the ideas of creation and growth, serenity, light and the processes of natural flow, universals, as well as the journey outward and within. Anything else that might resonate with the participants during the residency will be greatly appreciated.

There will be a fare amount of relaxed personal space, friendly communal life, conversations, common experiments and improvisation, as well as daily key group sessions for reviewing, processing and structuring of ideas and materials.

We are looking for practitioners active in such diverse fields as: Electroacoustics, sonic art, live electronics, field recording, instrumental improvisation, performance art, VJing, video art, creative computer programming, creative hardware modification, plastic arts, conceptual art, drama, philosophy and semiotics. The list is non exhaustive and we will be happy to consider any interesting proposal.

The ideal participants would have interdisciplinary interests and a strong creative drive. They would be happy to share and embrace ideas, techniques, material, time and energy. They would need good social and communication skills, as well as the ability to function in a wide range of situations. A respect to the craft and the powers of improvisation will be also greatly appreciated.

We are expecting participants to enjoy a degree of self-sufficiency concerning creative tools: e.g. laptop, soundcard, recorder, microphone(s), headphones, camera(s), instruments and so on. We will be providing basic technical support including: a Mac G5 with Logic and Final Cut, assorted plugins, a 32-channel digital mixing desk, high-end monitoring, a range of studio microphones, preamps and sound processors, digital recorders, projector, materials, internet, etc.

Organic food from the farm and transport to nearby villages will be also provided. There will be access to a telescope dome observatory on the roof of the building. MedeaElectronique offers a limited number of bursaries meant to cover travel and other expenses (depending on each case). Particular technical and other arrangements will be made with each individual after initial selection.

Please download the application form from http://www.medeaelectronique.com/residencies

Submit not later than the 15th of June 2009, by email to stgiann@yahoo.com Selection will be completed by 15 July 2009.

For more information contact the project curator Stelios Giannoulakis at stgiann@yahoo.com

Inspiring Learners through Inspirational Teaching (2009, Jun 24, Scotland)

May 26, 2009

“Inspiring Learners through Inspirational Teaching” Learning & Teaching Conference 2009

Draft Programme

MORNING CONFERENCE 09.00 09.25 Registration in D145. Tea/Coffee available and Poster Exhibition 09.25 09.35 P118, Welcome from Professor Seamus McDaid, Principal, UWS 09.35 10.10 P118, KEYNOTE Ms Gill Troup, Depute Principal and Vice Principal, Strategy, UWS and Dr Judith Vincent, Vice Principal (Learning and Teaching) UWS 10.10 12.00 Parallel workshops: (Tea/coffee available at 11am)

Workshop 1: Graduate Attributes for the 21st Century

1. ‘Using transdisciplinary research to drive graduate-attribute-focused curriculum’. Associate Professor Les Kirkup, Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology, Sydney.

2. ‘Team Writing for Television: Evaluating the Student Experience in Higher Education Peer Screenwriting Groups’. Mr Stuart Hepburn, Lecturer in Script Writing and Performance, UWS and Mr John Quinn, PhD Researcher, MLM, UWS.

Workshop 2: Blended Learning

1. ‘Inspiring Learning through Blended Learning Approaches using an Integrated VLE in Teaching’. title tbc Dr Tim Linsey, Head of e-learning, Academic Development, Kingston University.

2. e-Learning tools including: Tablet PCs and Clickers. title tbc Mr Neil McPherson, Lecturer in Sociology, UWS and student tbc.

Workshop 3: Interactive Teaching and Learning

1. Using SMARTBOARD Technology to Inspire Learning. SLESJEL Ltd

2. SMARTBOARDs. Ms Sandra McKechan, Lecturer in Education, UWS and student tbc. 12.00 12.50 D145 and D147 Lunch and Poster Exhibition

AFTERNOON CONFERENCE 12.00 Registration in D145 12.00 12.50 D145 and D147 Lunch and Poster Exhibition 12.50 1.40 P118, KEYNOTE “Inspiring People – A UK-wide Perspective” Professor Rob Cuthbert, Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Chief Executive at the University of the West of England, Bristol. 1.40 3.30 Parallel workshops: (Tea/coffee available at 2.15)

Workshop 1: Graduate Attributes for the 21st Century

1. ‘Using transdisciplinary research to drive graduate-attribute-focused curriculum’. Associate Professor Les Kirkup, Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology, Sydney.

2. A Staff Member’s Experience of PDP. title tbc Ms Liz Howie, Midwifery Lecturer, HNM, UWS and student tbc

Workshop 2: Blended Learning

1. ‘Inspiring Learning through Blended Learning Approaches using an Integrated VLE in Teaching’. Dr Tim Linsey, Head of e-learning, Academic Development, Kingston University

2. “Improving Understanding Through Use Of Interactive Audience Response Tools” Mr Alan Simpson, Lecturer in Engineering and Science, UWS and student tbc

Workshop 3: Interactive Teaching and Learning

1. Using SMARTBOARD Technology to Inspire Learning. SLESJEL Ltd

2. Interact – an Interdisciplinary Interactive Design Exercise. Mr Callum Tooth, Lecturer in Engineering and Science, UWS and student tbc. 3.30 4.15 P118, Feedback from Workshops, Panel Q&A and Presentation of Poster Prize 4.15 CLOSE

Nanotechnology and Postmodern Culture (2009, Jun 9)

May 25, 2009

Giving talk at Sheffield Uni on 9 June - Nanotechnology and Postmodern CultureWhat kind of future is nanotechnology creating for us? What will it mean to be human in the twenty-first century?Professor Richard Jones (Physics and Astronomy), Dr Alex Houen (English), and Professor Andy Miah (Media, Language and Music, University of the West of Scotland)

http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/english/arts-science/events.html#June+2009

Humanities and Technology Annual Conference (2009, Sept 24-26, Virginia)

May 25, 2009

CALL FOR PAPERS Humanities and Technology Annual Conference

September 24-26, 2009

University of Virginia

Special Topic:

Technology, Democracy, and Citizenship

Democracy and democratic citizenship shape and are shaped by technology. Taking the broad approach, this conference invites papers and session proposals bringing insight to the important albeit complicated and intricate relationships among technology, democracy, and citizenship.

Besides scholars in Science and Technology Studies and the Humanities and Social Sciences, we hope to attract practitioners and researchers in engineering, science, public policy, architecture, government, and international development to engage in a series of wide-ranging conversations focused on three broad intersections of technology and democracy:

IDEALS—For example, how can technology be managed so that it promotes democratic ideals? How can technology undermine democratic ideals? Exactly what do we mean by “democracy” and “democratic citizenship”?

PROCESSES—This category includes socio-technical systems directly involved in democratic processes, such as voting machines and blogs, as well as broader questions of education, public discourse, deliberation, and decision-making.

DECISIONS—Perhaps the broadest category of all, this includes the full range of specific areas in which democracies must establish policy and make decisions—energy, the environment, national defense, transportation, homeland security, health care, regulation of business and entrepreneurship, genetic engineering, funding of research, and more.

To propose a paper, send an abstract of no more than 250 words. To propose a session, include a session title and rationale as well as an abstract for each paper. Include the affiliation and relevant contact details for all authors. Please direct electronic submissions and questions to Andreas.Michel@rose-hulman.edu, or write to Andreas Michel, HTA 2009 Program Chair, Humanities and Social Sciences, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Ave, Terre Haute, IN, 47803. We will begin reviewing proposals as soon as they are received.

Proposals are due no later than June 15, 2009

Messages to the list are archived at http://listserv.liv.ac.uk/archives/philos-l.html. Prolonged discussions should be moved to chora: enrol via http://listserv.liv.ac.uk/archives/chora.html. Other philosophical resources on the Web can be found at http://www.liv.ac.uk/pal.

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