Olympic LegaciesOxford, March 29, 2008.
Olympic Legacies 1 Oxford, March 29, 2008. 1 Tony Mangan 1 ‘Legacy’ and the Dilemma of the Olympic Movement 2 John MacAloon 2 Discussant 5 Brian Stoddart 5 The Ideological Legacies of the Olympics Games 6 Bruce Kidd 6 Amsterdam 1928 - Amsterdam 2028: On past and future legacies 9 Hans M. Westerbeek (La Trobe Uni) 9 Olympic Environmenal Concerns as a Legacy of the Winter Games 10 Jean-Loup Chappelet 10 Olympic Legacies: Overview 12 The Legacy of Olympic Games’ Films: The Case of Melbourne 1956 12 John Hughson (University of Central Lancashire) 12 Branding and Consumption in the IOC’s ‘Celebrate Humanity’ Advertisements: Hidden Messages 13 Joseph Maguire (Loughborough University) 13 The Olympic Legacy of Los Angeles 16 Mark Dyreson and Matthew Llewellyn (Penn State University) 16 The legacy of the 1964 Tokyo Olympiad 18 Dolores (Lola) Martinez (School of Oriental and African Studies) 18 The Seoul Olympics: Economic Miracle Meets the World 21 Brian Bridges (Lingnan University, Hong Kong) 21
Tony Mangan Formerly at Oxford IJHS Thanks Boria Majumdar (La Trobe University) for putting together conference Beijing forum 2006 – Peking University – legacies
Second conference is SOAS meet in September Berkeley connection – Centre for Educational Studies
Thanks David Washbrook at St Anthony’s.
The Growth of Academic Research in Sport Studies Jonathan Manley
Development of research in this area
T&F publish 70,000 peer-reviewed articles per annum, Elsevier publish 160,000
Number of scholarly sports journals has grown by 43% in the last 10 years
Source: Ulrich’s Periodicals Database
Top journals - Journal of Sports Science - EJSS - Sport Biomechanics - J of App Sport Psych
Soc Sci - IJHS - SES - SiS - ESMQ
Journal Citation Repors Science / Social Sciences Citaion Index
Growth Areas - development and policy, - business nd economics - qual res - ex and public health - coaching and talent id - asian sport - women and sport - gaming
Leisure - torism - leisure policy - heritage and conservation
‘Legacy’ and the Dilemma of the Olympic Movement John MacAloon
Ask John for paper
Discourse of legacy
‘managerial magical discourse’
part of a new transformation in Olympic movement
transformed out of ‘brand’ discourse limits of brand discourse second revolution for Rogge as opposed to commercial revolution of Samaranch
legacy is language of Rogge revolution
concerned with production of managerial rationality
new technical manual of legacy is being produced by IOC that will form part of contract for host cities
Chicago 2016
I now know that there are hoards of dedicated consultants in wide variety of sport services that move from Olympics to Olympics, OCOG to OCOG, selling services.
Striking and worrisome to IOC
Legacy is their buzzword
‘Legacy Lives’ – really trade conferences for consultants
‘Legacy Management Expert’
flow of labour, beginning with Calgary and broadcasting
magical properties - compare French and English languages - in French – heritage more freqly used (Gilbert and Christoph Dubi), subtle difference - a lot of consultant world is Anglophonic –
superficially terms seem similar, but are v different
in French, le leg – not used in francophone context heritage has greater semantic stress – invoking the past
Olympic – sport in service of ideological agenda
So, how does an event add to or subtract from historic and symbolic capital
Legacy – legal connotations in English – what is present going to give to the future
Why imp? – legacy discorse means of setting aside people with historical knowl of Olympic movement
Vancouver – ‘legacy now’ programme
What you get first is ‘social capital’
People who typically don’t talk to one another are.
Also more pernicious aspects
Legacy is being created now for Beijing
Geopolitical legacy is enormous
Also highly contested
Hard and soft legacy
Gendered terms
1896 Games – soft legacy stadium, hard was greek going to war
current developing sitn is without precedent
journalists talking about Tibet and Darfur protests relate to 1932 or 1936
or how compare with 1980 or 1984
east asian context – how compare with 1988
I submit that it doesn’t compare
Many issues
All Olympic Games have faced these questions
The whole point is that it requires a total mobilization that will shine a light on conflicts, which is part of what intercultural education
The Beijing Games have already started
Minor but dramatic interrption to the ceremony
ME: which ceremony? The media ceremony
IOC not keen on international torch relay
The route of the torch determined by getting the most votes – cities in China that would never get the Games, but get the flame
ME: how can we follow the torch outside of key media events?
Stakeholders gain opportunity
There will be demonstrations in many cities along the route
Combined international team of BOCOG and best practices partner has not developed in the way it should have. Not been advanced work..
San Francisco
Olympic Flame only been attacked physically once – Torino 2006 – concern about globalization, local devel projects
More light hearted attempts to put it out are common
What do we think about these circumstances?
Intercultural education as festivals of food etc, is not intercultural education
View that Chinese saved Tibet is a view that is sincerely held
For leadership of Chinese Olympic Movement, this is sincerely held
So when outsiders attest to Tibet’s plight, how can it not provoke a splitism
For persons in china who might not understand sensitivity
Legacy not just what’s left after august 25th.
Discussant Brian Stoddart
My first IOC meeting Discourse began ‘Dear Colleagues’ IOC claims more than is capable of delivering Great discourse about intercultural education, but internal evidence about IOC and how filters to NOCS and ISFs seems to be left wanting – more about intercultural dispute
Lang not only about reference
Where does IOC see itself in world global order I think it sees itself at the centre, but should be elsewhere
Culture of disbelief First, we are a peace movement – this requires scrutiny Its claim that Olympic symbols are most potent peace symbols not clear at all That it leaves more than sport also questionable Third, if movement is so intercultural, how is it that is so Eurocentric in structure?
Inherited cultural capital also contestable Created another mirage
IOC sees itself at centre rather than XX
ME: what is the route towards accessing how the IOC sees its role? It’s claimed that it is not a sport organization
Questions & Answers
John: getting back stage is the crucial thing. IOC is on a day to day contact with geopolitical organizations not clear in prior government, but today is more humble.
ME: how is relationship with UN changed or the same under Rogge? - pulled back from too extensive - absence of Fekrou Kidane has le to some withdrawal - Jean Loup Chappelet : in each PR from IOC they state they are not an NGO
Joe Maguire: john, are you overstating the shift? Universals and particulars. They want both.
John: it’s an ambiguity. To point out a conflict is not necessarily a negative situation. how deal with the ambiguity for public consumption?
1984 – nearly bloodshed in Olympia – Russians vs us – President of Greece vowing to throw himself between the two if the groups charged each other
in Greece, 70% of torch bearers were sponsor selected – targeted for business purposes
this is why they want the international relay
Bruce: given vulnerability of torch until it reaches China given fact that IOC has not been in regular contact of UN cannot take adv of diplomatic XX such as Truce, and given growing nationaism within china, - hope that Dalai Lama to assist in reducing conflict – what advice to resolve this v explosive crisis. Are others making efforts to intervene? Normal diplomacy takes time and we don’t have that
John: Sarkozy. Boria – what is happening in India? V ad hoc feeling.
Boria: 18 April, gov of Delhi called meeting with IOC people . might hurt India’s bid for 2020 Games.
The Ideological Legacies of the Olympics Games Bruce Kidd
Canadian Politics of Olympic Legacy
Critical support of the Olympic movement I’ve angered enough of the Olympic people and academics to think I’ve got the balance right
In the last 40 years, overarching defn of legacy q has been city building, economic develop and material benefits
Concern is that stated aspirations of Olympicsm have been left to rhetoric and chance.
Recommend that IOC require bid cities to demonstrate active contribution to democratization of ….
Talk built around 5 games
Tokyo 1964 I was a competitor here and they changed my life Personal tour to Hiroshima where people came to be as an obvious Canadian athlete and said ‘no more hiroshima’ – Olympic movement not simply as a high performance sport event, but a project of peace
In Tibet, expectations of OM to make some contribution
Tremendous complement and foolish to disregard power of the expectation, even if not in line with Rogge reign
Expect to make a contribution to peace project
Also learned from Tokyo that a good Games much more than sport and interpersonal exchange
Ambigtious urban intevetion
Transformed world’s most popular city into modern functioning city
Tokyo was most significant investment of any Games
We received hi tech gadgets, but retruned home to unwelcome Customs as we were taking Japanese products
Olympic legacy required modification of views because of certain events
1968
large demonstration of students mowed down by Mesican army and police because of protest against over-investment in Olympics when other social inequities
from then had to take social justice issue into our social understanding
also time of social movements, civil liberties
sport and society – sport not neutral, but as socially and politically constructed
had to take responsibility for this
social justice and democratic decision making
concerns deepened as I became involved in Montreal Games taking on OCOG to do more and defending against organized left
Games developed through unilateral decisions in mayor’s office
Poverty activists, gays and lesbians
Awareness of environmental destruction
Think about idea of Olympic legacy cold be democratically and socially justly developed
That was third episode
More foreful in
1996 Toronto Bid
faced group ‘Bread not Circuses’ project
targets on housing, gender equity, etc
in 2008 anticipated same campaign by ndertaking social consultation process
made us part of Olympic bid
targets for housing, youth employment, etc
ME: are these now necessary but not sufficient commitments or neither necessary?
All based on legacy as urban enhancment
Not ‘soft legacy’ as john described
Over t 40yrs overarching definition of legacy remained democratic urban legacy All else left to chance or marginalized
In some Games became impossible to insert even a minimal soft legacy
In 2008 bid, overarching purpose was waterfront devel and technological
Few sport legacies
Soft legacies lacking
Frustrating was that IOC helped little
Nothing about sport or cultural festival
Must focus on soft legacy
ME: Can soft legacies take place in a programmed manner? Eg. Sydney 4 media centres!
UN taking seriously world crisis in physical inactivity
Can make as legacy for Olympic city to improve state school PE
Sustaining legacies from games to games and after
Linking to sport development as in London 2012 with Seb Coe’s declaration from Singapore
Trustee model
John mentioned evidence based best practice
Need to reignite efforts to embrace educational project
Do it in evidence based way
ME: how can this be done from universities?
Amsterdam 1928 - Amsterdam 2028: On past and future legacies Hans M. Westerbeek (La Trobe Uni)
Should change title to ‘city heritage towards legacy intent’
Utrecht founded some 7-800 yrs before Amsterdam
United East Indies Company - sea port into east of Europe
Amsterdam today will never be able to position itself as euro city of threat (?)
1928 Olympic bid - industralization, identity crisis, fragmented sport participation, major stadium, means to support stadium construction
ME: I can understand why legacy is relevant to communities, but why should the international consumers care?
Only if can connected local to IOC then have an opportunity to be successful
Also must be successful if you don’t win the games
If overlook local, then diminish chance of winning
Olympic Environmenal Concerns as a Legacy of the Winter Games Jean-Loup Chappelet Swiss Grad School of Public Administration
Environmental concerns are a legacy
Date back to 1990s, worldwide support in Earth Summit in Rio 1992 IOC Centenar Congress, declared as third pillar of olympism 1999 IOC adopted Agenda 21 of Olympic Movement an started to require that Olympic Games be org with concern for enviro issues and promote sustainable
how did these concerns arise?
Not only sign of times, but also positive legacy of winter more than summer games
Concept of legacy
In 2001, IOC took word legacy and found phrase ‘A Beijing Games would lave a unique legacy to China and sport’ – before decision to award to Beijing
First 40 yrs
Chamonix 1924 St Moritz 1928 Lake Placid 1932 – first to raise enviro concerns Assoc for t Protection of the Adirondacks forced organizers to relocate t bobsleigh run Winter ames location – between resorts and cities - Garmish 938, St Moritz 1948, Cortina 1956, Sqaw Valley 1960 - Oslo
Grenoble 1968: failure to take enviro issues into account - now candidate for 2018
political ecology emerges in 1960s and 1970s, critics of Olympic gigantism
Sapporo 1972 – take seriously enviro - short distances between venues - rlocation of ski jump - downhill run in national park replanted after games
Denver 1976 - forced to give bak t gams following referendums initiated by an enviro group - Citizens for Colorado Future
Innsbruck 1976 - reused 1964 venues - bob and luge combined run – usually an enviro prob, since a lot of XXX to be used
1972-1988 enviro not issue for summer games
Lake placid 1980 - FederalEnvironmental Impact Statement - Opposition to ski jumps, downhills and ice rink - Village too small for Winter
Sarajevo 1984 and Calgary 1988 – less remarkable from enviro perspective
1990s- changed eth
Albertville 1992 – could not continue intensive devel of Savoie region
Barnier, an OCOG co-president with Killy, set enviro goals which were diffi to meet
Lillehammer 1994 became show case of Norwegian gov enviro policy (Bruntland PM)
‘white and green games’ (Samaranch)
first OCOG enviro coordinator appointed
sustainable devel emphasised
Nagano 1998 – location and recycling aware
Jean-loup.chappelet@IDHEAP.unil.ch
Bid Cities’ view - sion places its 2 successive bids enviro concerns in Swiss canton known for lack of concern - Sion 2002 proposed ‘balanced games’ signed ‘nature contract’ with enviro orgs and invents ‘Green Paper’ (1994) – appendix to bid files now required by IOC - Sion 2006 continued, ‘social contract’ with unions and ‘rainbow paper’ (1998) for sustain devel - Salt Lake and Torino implemented these ideas
IOC’s view
1991 – Samaranch attends Davos forum with Killy 1992 – IOC rep at Earth Summit 1992 – charter amended to support enviro 1994 – sport and enviro ‘centenary congress’ 1995 – ad hoc IOC commission org of conferences with UNEP every 2 yrs 1999 – Agenda 21 of Olympic Movement overshadowed by IOC crisis and never really applied
Future of enviro legacy
SLC2002, Torino 2006 and Vancouver 2010 have continued pioneering - Vancouver ‘Legacies Now!’ concept
Sochi 2014 - bob/luge run and olmpic village in Polyana planned in Caucasus State Biosphere – UNESCO world heritage site - Greenpeace Russia filed complaint with Supreme Court - Step backward?
Conclusion
- can be seen as a ploy to provide Olympismw new theme for 21st century to supplement peaceful co-existance wich served so well devel of Olympic Movement in 20th century
LUNCH
Olympic Legacies: Overview
The Legacy of Olympic Games’ Films: The Case of Melbourne 1956 John Hughson (University of Central Lancashire)
Authenticity How consider 1956 olympic film’s legacy as item of historical record
Ian McDonald – sports historian – sport documentaries Categorization of films into a schema
T reworked 1956 film alters documentary status in terms outlined by McDonald Observational documentary – close to reality as possible
Remade more akin to expository documentary – narrator steer audience to understand visuals in a particular way Dvd released in 2000, blends contemporary commentator with original footage There are common elements – accent of two people Can watch this and believe it is original
Also serves as promo for 2000 games
Melbourne 1956 as ‘friendly games’ Cold war rivalry Australian hosts showed how can be enjoyed with no baggage except athletic gear
Title of DVD remained ‘The Friendly Games’ Concern that the remake becomes the official record of the 1956 Games
IOC concerned about how I discuss the dvd, asked to submit a copy to the IOC prior to publication. Also been asked to be careful with terminology – eg. ‘restored film’ – ‘I trust you are aware that the DVD … shot by ….2000 version not restored version, but a documentary compiled by’ - this suggests that they are 2 items
I believe they are distinct
But concerned that the remake is a slight of hand, rides of back of Whitchurch original
original 800 journalists
Branding and Consumption in the IOC’s ‘Celebrate Humanity’ Advertisements: Hidden Messages Joseph Maguire (Loughborough University)
Peter golding, sarah barnard, jenny butler
Critical realist
Myths of celebrate humanity beguiling, but realities compelling
Hidden messages
‘celebrate humanity or consumers?’
context media-sport nexus
circuits of promotion reshaping global sport repositioning of global sports industraila complex
Rogge emphasizes role of sponsors - ‘print campaign’
ME: what was the target audience of this print campaign?
Celebrate humanity:
Sympathetic view: designed to promote Olympic values while adding to brand
Realist: necesar part o strategy to deflect criticism of Olympic Movement in 1990s
Critical: develop olympism as an international brand to be sold to corporate sponsors, t political and economic elite and wider consuming public
ME: from what theory of advertising does this critique emanate?
ME: I need more knowledge of what materials were developed for this campaign?
Realist/Critical perspective - CH ex in brand equity enhancement
But critique is not of need to market
UN wih sport also does this
Not all doom and gloom
Potentiality of serving humanitarian purposes
But market research by IOC aim to work out how can compete and not promote humanitarian values necessarily
Methods - documents, interviews, content analysis
findings from interrogation of surveys and market research - Duped - Faustian bargain - Conspiracy - Contested within IOC
Some find it distasteful
Glocalized brand strategy
IOC as a TNC
TNCs sort to grow by selling standard product across globe
Olympics as a globalizing arena
Universal message local appeal
Eg. celebrate humanity - for 2004 campaign – ‘olympics experience touches all people and that Olympic ideals are universal…relects a universal truth about the Olympic spirit’ - contains section on how to customize campaign. Replace global celebrity with local.
Melinda Mey – IOC marketing, formerly Coca Cola
Within campaign, key elements that need consideration
TNCs show that….global cultural ideals – give sense of beloning, unite people across world
Global myth evident in ‘hope’ ‘dreams’ inspiration
Olympic Games has capacity to inspire
Key proposition echo global myth dimension of global brand marketing
Second is ‘social responsibility’ that TNCs cultivate. Also visible in celebrate humanity – ‘fair play’
‘joy in effort’ – position to celebrate honour and human dignity – moral lessons for humanity
dark capital is side-stepped
conclusion
‘the best of us’ – campaign from ad agency changed from Saatchi and Saatchi, now focused on young audience along with Youth Games – decline of young audience
aim to create an audience profile.
The ‘youth focus’ and ‘celebrate humanity’ charcateriedby contribution between ideals of olympism and modern instantiation of commerce
The Olympic Legacy of Los Angeles Mark Dyreson and Matthew Llewellyn (Penn State University)
2 related propositions
no other Olympic city has made Olympics so central to identiy as LA
began bidding in 1915
never ending stream of bids
permanent org ‘Southern Californian Olympic Organization’ (SCOOG)
LA failed to keep a pro football team in the city
Legacy of stadium and collosseum
Olympics given LA its central landmarks
Few others rely on Olympic assets as iconic sites
LA 1932 set template for Berlin 1936 - showcase of host
illustrated commercial viability of Olympics
but no Olympics would make it into the black until LA 1984
windsurfing at LA represented surge of extreme sports
since then, been added
snowboarding, short track, triathlon, beach volleyball – many rose in California
bmx in 2008
Disneyfication of globe
LA married Games to modern entertainment industry
Discussant: Bruce Kidd (University of Toronto)
We are approaching a taxonomy of different legacies Also contribution to agenda for subsequent research Given IOC’s fascination for legacy and its reluctance to commit to soft legacies, we need a research agenda into various forms of legacy
Questions & Answers
ME: any audience research on celeb humanity campaign?
Joe: not really, but campaign did change throughout years and context relevant
Jim: any bigger legacy than AAFLA’s library?
Not really.
Tony: but Beijing has enormous effort.
Hans:
Joe: in commercializing
Far Eastern Olympic Issues Beijing Olympics Legacies: Certain Intentions and Certain and Uncertain Outcomes Dong Jinxia (Peking University) J.A. Mangan (Founding and Executive Academic Editor, ‘International Journal of the History of Sport’)
Intended and unintended More than 290 billian yuan $US40b
Traffic - 90b yuan US$1.7b - birds nest 3.5b yuan
accelerated growth
‘Plan to win Glory in the 2008 Olympics’ (2002) - 550 athetes in all 28 sports and will take more medals than before, aim to be in top 3
more than 50b yuan (US$7b) - training - treatment and prevention of injuries
2 potential legacies - elevated personal and national self-regard and pride if successful - lowered self-esteem and humiliation
national fitness programme ‘National Fitnes and Moe with the Olympics’
intangible legacies - consolidation of confident Chinese national identity (98.7% of Beijing welcomes games) - 100,000 volunter spaces, more than 1m people applied
Global integration - ‘one world one dream’ - foreign experts employed
Will Hutton Susan L Smith
First time letters from IOC President delivered by host city rather than from Lausanne
Olympic Education Project - 400 million students from 500,000 scholars throughout t nation
CCTV introduced ‘beijing 2008’ on sports channel in 2005 and ‘My 2008’
Beijing Evening Daily
Zhang Yimou promo video
21,600 accredited and 30,000 non-accredited journalists greater media freedom
green Olympics
increased budget for enviro budgets form 45b rmb to 57b rmb
The legacy of the 1964 Tokyo Olympiad Dolores (Lola) Martinez (School of Oriental and African Studies)
Film from olympics that haunt us
Olympia film
LA 1932 did not use Hollywood to make a film
Leni Reifenstahl - she didn’t like the ceremonies so re-did them - highly constructed film
first Olympic film
Tokyo 1964 film – Ichikawa
What happens to the politics in these 2 films?
Local directors asked to make t film
They were meshed in state system for 1936 film
Representation at 2 levels Staged by nation state to represent something about itself
Generally its wealth, modernity
Only one possible version of reality
First sports film to be raised beyond mundane
Labelled as great work of art
4 main camera men and around 120 technicians
documentary film makers torn about the film
amazed by achievements and vision, new editing techniques, but never comfortably separate from Nazi Games and politics of its production
most people only ever watch first chapter
visual techniques – interested in representing where win uncertain
Japanese/Korean runner unexpected winner
1964 film
Ichikawa
Not too well known outside of japan, though his films are often shown in film festivals More seen as Hollywood hack that could do anything
Like kurosawa, humanist intentions
He was second choice to kurosawa
Local Olympic committee made him edit 3 times
Most profitable film in 1965
What was happening there? Why didn’t they like the film? Why did foreigners like it?
How judge legacies in future not something we have control over
JOC didn’t like since not about japan
Discussion over whether Americans looked scary and Russians not
Critics prais film for humanism
also unsettling film
prof of lit in japan eric katzin – attempt to represent t unrepresentable: social political problem of modernity
begins with blinding film
flies over Hiroshima – you see the atomic bomb
shown where Tokyo destroyed
v violent film
igareshi (historian) Olympics took place against North America critics
many said this film is about the war
refers a lot to leni’s film
both are evasive myths
resurgence of body politics in both. Both myth of restored poitical entitity both ignore political
legacies judged in future
a film so praised in 30s, which still astonishes documentary film makers, still seen as problematic
ichikawa’s film equally suspect
ME: why did kurosawa not accept?
The Seoul Olympics: Economic Miracle Meets the World Brian Bridges (Lingnan University, Hong Kong)
Sport in south korea after 1945 close to political priorities 1960s and 70s Park Chung-hee used sports promo as one way to create national ‘revival comp between two Koreas – political, military, economic, and sporting
Road to Seoul - 1981 ioc decision beat Nagoya easily - ioc wanted boycott-free games - 2 big issues a) domestic political stability given military coup in 1980, b) tense relationship with north korea
last Olympics of cold war era
became tied up in that
a coming out party for Koreans
impact and legacies
economic, socio-cult, political-diplomatic
short and longer term
economic - new sport facilities - new infrastructure, han river cleaned, kimpo airport expanded, roadsides beautified
short term - revenue sources: tv rights (but lower than expected), corporate sponsor TOP first employed, tourism - strong economic growth in years prior, but slow in 1989, still 6% which was enviable
longer impacts - direct: telecomm – electronics replacing textiles as lead export sector - indirect: open up economy, distortion of economic priorties
ME: how did Korea react to the Ben Johnson scandal? Is there a legacy of remembering?
Socio-cultural legacies - for Korean gov 2 key aspects: o 1. Promo of national sporting culure (Ministry of sport created, fnding athletes, pro baseball league – first pro league of any sport; tv coverage increase
limitations? - lack of spectators at certain Olympic events - boxing match behaviour – Korean boxer protestor sit down o bad for Korea, but became worse as NBC playedback continuously which added - atmosphere on streets
not atmosphere of world cup of 2002
society of 1980s where gov suppressed street demonstrations so v diffi to expect people to feel relaxed
2. Promo of traditional culture - Korean and cosmopolitan - ‘hand in hand’ theme song worldwide hit ‘breaking down the wall’ lyric, used in 1989 tiananamen sq
positive impression
political-diplomatic breakthroughs - in 1981, 37 counries did not have diplomatc rels with S Korea, in the end only 2 did not attend - north korea tried to co-host, but excluded itself in the end. Cuba joined in boycott
springboard to recogniion - cultural plitics approach to socialist states - hungary’s decision on eve of games to set up permanent mission
sculpture by Romanian sculptor (no diplomatic rels at this time)
sculpture park
many from east European countries
gymnastics display board was Hungarian technology
changing perceptions
fruits of ‘northern diplomacy’ (july 1988) South korea helped by changes in eas Europe Olympics changed Korean elite and public perceptions of socialist states but not relationship with N Korea
Democratization - in early 1987 massive demonstrations against Chun gov threatened Olympics. Roh Tae Woo issued Democratization Declaration June 1987.
South Korean gov backed down in face of protests, as did not want to lose Olympics, so no martial law
1988 most peaceful transfer of power in its history
Olympic politican solidarity - public opinion polls suggested that most koreasns across political spectrum - opposition rfom those who saw it as military dictatorship’s project
enduring legacies? - in 1980s, few knew about Korea (images of M*A*S*H and tear-gassed demos) buy by end of Olympics clearer impression - though no doubt midleaing – reinvent for 2002 world cup
for Koreans - move from third to first world - seoul Olympic museum refer to foundation of advanced nation and ungraded international status - remains source of appeal to collective memory and mobilization (eg. during asian financial crisis ten years later)
Questions & Answers
Q: a number of artists have been criticised for politics. Italian futurists. Dali. But their art can stand alone. Riefenstahl seems unfortunate. Can we view t film in a way that allows art to stand above politics
Q: the will to power – neuremberg rallies film – represn to fascist ideology.
Bruce: are you sad that commissioning of films by great film makers? Lost contribution of singular vision of film makers
Boria: volunteer open and free?
Cynthia: people in china want opportunity to make contribution to success. When talk about forced volunteer, must understand china culture
John:: in what capacity one volunteers is culturally complex
Joe: former phd student looked at Korean games, finding of ceremonies show how local and global collide. But though teams separate, way that south Korean media portrayed them was quite subtle cultural interconnections – when met in a Korean restaurant in Athens – use of photographs conjoined to create notion of unity
Brian: between Sydney and Athens, Korean crisis
Gavin: egs of cities – LA model for 20th c, bejing model for 21st? tongue in cheek, but west to east – LA captures this. Beijing calls to rethink heritage or legacy – consultant migration doesn’t fit reqs of 21st c from humanitarian perspective. Are we trapped in 20th c legacy.
John: we had no problem defeating LA, since no sport infrastructure.
Tony: Korean team played in north east of England – at odds with southerns and bottom-pinching Italians. Ken Dodd – diddy men – north easterns took Koreans to hearts and genuinely loved and cheered for them. One of great moments of world cup for north Englanders. We are v conscious of the uncertainty of legacies. Uncertainty of legacies for Beijing are most interesting. Fascinating.
Discussant: John MacAloon (University of Chicago)