ECSS 2005, Belgrade, Serbia Post Race Rectal HGH
ACE, ACtN3, AMPDI
1 allele of ACE = endurance
D allele of ACE = Sprint
Some studies show assoc
1 acele of ACE overrepresented in SA Ironman - Collins et al Medicine Sci Sport Medicine
suggested this ACE gene other gene with close prox of ACE gene on chromosone 17q23 may encode for a protein directly involved w t athlete phenotype
Growth Hormone (GH1) gene - 17q 24 2 - encodes for family of GH - anterior pituity - IGF-1
Is growth H involved?
GH, little or no beneficial effect on GH on health indivs - but GH might phys role in carotic metab and enhance tissue repair post ex
ex induced GH secretion stimulates - swet secretion - heat XXX through sweat - influ heat loss during ex
GH1 gene
155 subjects 104 post rectal 55 control subj – no ultra XXX blood sample and geoXXX
triathlete group significance older than control
significance dif in post-ran rectal temp for gh1 genotype
Conclusion - GH1 not assoc w endurance performance - Unlikely that any of t genes are aassoc w performance
But temp lower for TT athletes
Exchange Symposium, Fri 5pm
Chair: Emin Eren (TUR)
Sport, Medicine and Scie hist roots - MEDICINE: fundamental o Disease – injury o Healing + prevention
Medicine is sci of diagnosis, treating, and preventing disease
Hist backg - priest – magic – physician - men-nefer - Met – Sunu – Metsunu = medicine
Medicine and Magic
Ancient Greek
From magic and religion to secular practice Need to understand physics Study of matter and energy - metaphysics
science - latin – scientic – knowledge of something - scive – to know (disting) - scindere – to cut/divide - sci – systematic
Is medicine a sci discipline? - clinical medicine yes - medicine as ‘art’ of healing using sci method - ‘doctor’ = teacher
3 pillers of medicine - Claudius Galen – father of sport medicine
Sport Medicine progs around Europe not UK
What is sports medicine - therapeutic - team doctor - sports physician 1904 germany - dept 1911 dresden - congress 1912 - uni course 1919 - journal 1924 - institute 1945 prague
scope of sport medicine - sci, moral, legal, health issues - enhance qual of life
sci and sport - ancient
hist of sport sci - rise of physiology links - Pierre-Jean Cabani (1757-1808) - AV Hill - Edward Muybridge – motion photo - Ergometry 1790
Sci in Coaching
Coaching – art of sci to better performance
Conclusion
Stimulants – human
Scope - sport sci – pushing limits - sport medicine – protecting within limits
brotherhood not rivalry
Pres 2
Fabi Pigouazi
Sport medicine – from biological to clinical
Founded FIMS 1928, 19 feb - 2nd Olympic winter games
IOC MC 1967
Essentials of sport medicine
Ex as essential
ME: ethics in sport medicine at the time?
Ex as component of health - ex for prevention – treatment, education
specialists - athlete, coach, team physician, physio – need good relationship
Future development - sport performance will increase - av life span will rise - sport medicine widely used
ME: wat formal structures protect integrity of physican decision making?
ME: ECSS needs a session on science communication
Biol limit of life
115 yrs - goal of 3rd millennium is inc quant and qual of life
heed to change ‘value of soc’
WHO – health definition
Lifestyle changes
Principles of wellness
State of sm in Euro - euro won 50% of medal sin Athens
Gene doping - Problem: lack of control of gene expression
FIMS – 200,000 physicians
Vassilis Klissourus
Unifying Sport Medicine and Sport Science: Paradigm of Sport Genetics
Goals – sci – push limit - medicine-protect
but ultimate goal of both is to optimise human performance
there is no division between sci and medicine challenges
1. grasp interplay between genes and enviro 2. bioethic problem of genetic enhancement
Physio Basis of Records - athlete v non-athlete difference = former learned to close gap between phsych and physio - drives closer to limits (AV Hill 1925)
Sport Performance Determinant
Phenotype variation -normal distrib - what is relative power of genes and enviro in development of phenotype
2 stages 1. measured genotype 2. unmeasured
JAP, 1971, 31: 338, 344 - Klissourus twin study - Max aerobic power - Almost identifical for twin - 93% heritability - all genes for VO2Max
Max aerobic for non and identifcal twins - supp hyp that gen is important for VO2 max
Perth Genetic Analysis
Maes et al JAP, 28 1479, 1996 Genetic and Envirol Sources of Variation in Vo2peak in 105….
Twin research -heritability estimate - conclude genes dominate - for max aerobic power -for max aerobic cap
But phenotype not predetermined or unchangeable - training changes - genes not like switches
Reserch direction - to what extent can modify phenotype? - A genotype intention modified? - How genetic is process I change? - perXX and cognitive?
Klissourus, Interest J Sport Medicine, 2002 Genes and Olympic Performance - interpret difference were not significance, except for personality (behav)
Behaviour Determines Performance
Identify specific genes - got to find t many genes relationship to partic att state
Walfarth, et al Medicine Sci Sport Ex, Jan 2005 - T uHuman Gene Map for Performance Phenotype - ACE – but siXXX
ME: Include co-presenters on Website of abstracts
Nanga Parbut – 8125m Climbing Beyond the Limits Peter Bartsch JAP 63 752-757, 1987 Bender PR, JAP 1989, 66, 2733 - ventilation increases over 2wks at a given altitude
1m of o2 of blood - decrease of plasma vol - inc of EPO
inc of capillary of fibre
M. Redge West and West, High Alt Physio and Medicine, Chapman and Hall
Calbet AJP 184,304-16, 2003
Performance gets better - Fulco, JAP in press - But VO2max decreases, stable
Cenbelli 1889 cited in High Alt Medicine and Physio (Ward, Miledge and West) 2000
1% decrese per 100m over 1500m
Calbet, Am J Physio 284, R302-16, 2003 - no eeffect because
above 500m - reduced inoXXX uptake - 24% en deficient at 6452 - Westertop JAP 1994 - 40% @ 5300-8800m - Westertop JAP 1993 - 43% during OE11 - Rose, JAP 1988, find deficit not t issue
Anholm, Am Rev Respir Dis 1992 - breaking pattern at everest
Sutton JAP, 1988 - Work on cap of everest
Cognitive function remains impaired 1yr after expedition
RB Huey, JAMA 284, 181, 2000
Mie
Thomas Scasz 1973, 115
Medicine and magic - formerly when religion was strong and sci weak, men mistook magic for medicine, now when sci is strong and religion weak, men mistake medicine for magic
2 assumpt - sport has relationship lack of governance elite sport susceptible to enhancement
Borgmann – t Baconian/Cartesian project - man goal dominance of nature – athleteic 1984: 36)
Brown-snout.com/cycling/misc
Ex Dict Sport Sci and Medicine, 1994, 29-30
Biotech – instrum structure - neither good nor bad - depend on use
Cuttler et al 1998 – nontherap use of HGC
Kass classif of biomed technology - control of death and life - irrelevant except: astr: genetic selection - Control of H potentialities - Control of h achievements
Elite sport involves/needs suffering
Medicine not about PERFORMANCE ENHANCING, but sports
Juengst – getting back to normal - telos of med
appeal to normality is problematic in elite sport
Boorse 1997 - abnormal enhanced health?
Normally as constructed or enhanced
Wollheim, 1984, XIV - without psych, normality is t name for a ill-defined and tortousuly effXX achievement
3 conceptions of norm
1. BST 2. Social construct 3. Psych/psychoanalyt
Sports medicine need to disting between these ideas - problem in principle - can we choose?
Tim Noakes – dis H view of lactate paraxoc
Poster - detect blood doping through comparison of change in RBC and reticulocyte count
cardiac regenerative capacity - stem cells
new view of how heart responds to injury
a heart is significance myocyte regeneration - new myocyte formuation
post London
apoptosis – prog cell death necrosis – through injury
why only slow fibres affected - presence of phosophic - not present in fast twitch