Daniel Dayan

At the CUC and Annenberg conference in Beijing, I had the chance to meet Daniel Dayan, who also gave a reprise of his work with Elihu katz on 'media events'. We had an interesting exchange about a range of issues, from Zidane's controversial head butt to what might have happened f if the athletes from North and South Korea had started a fight as they entered the stadium at the Sydney 2000 Olympics. This was a lovely meeting with good strong discussions and great sense of humour. It was a highlight of our trip to Beijing.

Genes and Juice (11 Aug, 2006)

TCS Daily - Washington,DC,USA... future. Gene doping, the modification of the body's own cells to produce various substances, has been much discussed recently. The ...

Radio Five Live

Last night (7th Aug), I took part in a debate with Anita Anand on Radio Five Live. Other contributors included Dick Pound (WADA), Kris Akabusi (Athlete), Mike Smith (Coach) and my good friend Jim Parry (Philosopher.

Cafe Scientifique

Today I put together a wordpress site for the Liverpool chapter of Cafe-Sci, which is co-organised by Rob Black and Barry Drust. Hopefully, it will help to raise the profile of these great spaces for public engagement with science. I have given 2 cafe-sci talks, one in Norwich and another in Lancaster. ahem...

Miah, A. (2005). "Genetics, Cyberspace and Bioethics: Why Not a Public Engagement with Ethics?" Public Understanding of Science 14(4): 409-421.

FACT in Flickr

Fact CafeI 've set-up a new flickr group for visitors of FACT in Liverpool.Maybe there should be a 'celebrity spotting' section (not that this specific photograph would count).

Media and Politics

Call for Papers for Media and Politics strand57th Political Studies Association Annual Conference 11 -13 April 2007 University of Bath Papers are invited for the Media and Politics Group strand at the Political Studies Association Annual 2007 Conference. Papers on any aspect of the relationship between media and politics are welcome. All papers are subject to peer-review.

Paper proposals should include institutional affiliation, a title and an abstract of not more than 200 words, and should be emailed to Media and Politics Group co-convenor Dr Michael Higgins (michael.t.higgins@sunderland.ac.uk). Please mention the Political Studies Association in your email heading. The deadline for submissions to the Media and Politics strand is Friday 15th September, 2006.

And second.

The University of Sunderland's Centre for Research in Media and Cultural Studies is to host the annual conference of the PSA's Media and Politics Group on Friday 17th and Saturday 18th November 2006. More information, including prices and booking details, are available at the conference blog

The accepted papers are as follows:

Keynote speakers:

Justin Lewis, Cardiff University Chris Mullin, MP John Street, University of East Anglia Ruth Wodak, Lancaster University

Emma Briant, University of Glasgow British Information Operations within the Context of Anglo-American Defence Relations.

Valentina Cardo, University of East Anglia Voting In or Voting Out? In the case of Big Brother, You Decide! Stephen Cushion, Cardiff University Are You Tony Blair in Disguise? An Examination of David Cameron's Appeal to the 'Youth Vote'

John Downey and Dominic Wring, Loughborough University Reporting the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: National News and 'Impartiality'.

Philip Drake, Andy Ruddock and Michael Higgins (Stirling, LJM and Sunderland) Framing Cameron: The Cultural Politics of Political Celebrity.

Julie Firmstone, University of Leeds What Influences Newspaper Agendas on Europe?

Chris Hanretty, St Anne's College, University of Oxford Politician Watching: The Measurement of Political Pluralism in French and Italian Television.

Anita Howarth, London School of Economics/Kingston University A Critical Review of the Literature on Media-Public Policy Interface of Media-Policy Interface.

Yasmin Ibrahim, University of Brighton Foreign Media as a Contaminant in Singapore Politics.

Steve Kennedy, University of Greenwich Politics and Aesthetics: The Formalisation of Technological Discourse

Whain Kang, Rutgers University, USA The Media and Foreign Policy from a Hegemony Perspective

Ana In=E9s Langer, University of Glasgow The Politicisation of Blair's Private Persona: Exceptional Through Norm= ality

Neda Mokhtari, University of Tehran, Iran Globalization and Soft Power: Case of CNN and Rulers Will

Okoth Fred Mudhai, Coventry University The Changing Media-Politics Dynamics in Africa: Renaissance or Retrogression?

Chris Paterson, University of Ulster Influencing Media in Times of Conflict: Government Intervention in the Iraq War Media Narrative through Indirect and Direct Coercion

Magda Pieczka, Queen Margaret University College, Edinburgh Spinning the Scottish Parliament? Scottish Identity, Press and the Parliament

Nathan Roger, University of Swansea From Terry Waite to Kenneth Bigley: How Terrorists Use New Media to Promote Their Cause.

Sean Tunney, University of Portsmouth Press To Go?: Newspaper Ownership Policies in Labour's Communications Act.

Katrin Voltmer, University of Leeds Communication and Political Conflict: Exposure to Dissonant Views and Citizens' Orientations Towards Political Opponents.

Karin Wahl-Jorgensen and Eghosa Aimufua, Cardiff University Television News and the Vulnerable Citizen

Granville Williams University of Huddersfield A Trojan Horse? The UK Position in the Revision Process of the Television Without Frontiers Directive

Convergence Culture

Call for Papers Special Issue on Convergence CultureVol 14 no 1. February 2008

Guest editors: Mark Deuze, Indiana University (mdeuze@indiana.edu) Henry Jenkins, MIT (henry3@mit.edu)

This call invites submissions for a special issue on Convergence Culture: the worldwide emergence of increasingly collaborative practices between media producers and consumers. Examples are television fan sites, game modifications (mods) and machinema, citizen journalism, interactive advertising and word-of-mouth marketing, transmedia storytelling (for example using games, movies, television, websites and comics), and so on. Convergence culture is both a top-down corporate-driven process and a bottom-up consumer-driven process. Media companies are learning how to accelerate the flow of media content across delivery channels to expand revenue opportunities, broaden markets and reinforce viewer commitments. Consumers are learning how to use these different media technologies to bring the flow of media more fully under their control and to interact with other users. We welcome submissions from a variety of disciplinary, theoretical and methodological backgrounds exploring the changing role and organization of work and productivity in the cultural and creative industries under the influence of convergence culture, as well as on creative processes initiated by or involving the people formerly known as the audience.

Specific topics and issues to be covered in this special issue for example are:

Case studies of media companies adopting convergence culture; Case studies of specific fan communities and their relationships with media producers; explorations of transmedia storytelling, viral marketing, and Alternate Reality; Gaming as forms that tap the emerging relations between media producers and consumers; Mapping of ethical, political, economical and cultural changes and challenges in an emerging convergence culture; Quantitative and/or qualitative empirical work on the production, content, and/or consumption of media messages in the context of convergence culture; Research focusing on convergence culture in the context of specific media industries (such as: computer and video games, advertising, journalism, television); International comparative work on convergence culture in media production.

Submissions addressing the special issue theme are invited to the following sections: Debates which are short polemics (usually 1000-3000 words); Articles which are refereed case study research articles (7000-11,000 words); Feature Reports which offer a critical overview of current research by reviewing a conference, exhibition or festival (4000-8000 words).  Any inquiries concerning the Reviews section (which covers books, exhibitions, conferences, CD-ROMs, websites etc) should be directed to the regular reviews editor Jason Wilson (jason.wilson@luton.ac.uk). Submissions should be formatted using the Harvard reference method. Full details of  referencing style and guidelines can be found on the journal website at http://convergence.luton.ac.uk/.

Proposals for papers should be directed to the editors. The deadline for submission of research articles is February 1st, 2007. The special issue will be published (by SAGE) in February 2008.

Jason Wilson

Reviews Editor - Convergence

School of Media, Art and Design University of Luton Park Square Luton Bedfordshire LU1 3JU United Kingdom

T +44 (0)1582 489114 F +44 (0)1582 489212 M  07886508141 jason.wilson@luton.ac.uk

Purchase Book

Miah, A. (July, 2004)Genetically Modified Athletes: Biomedical Ethics, Gene Doping, and Sport London and New York: Routledge ISBNs: hb: 0415298792; pb: 0415298806.

To order GMA, follow the most appropriate link or see mail instructions below: hardback: £70.00(UK) / $100.00(US)/ $150.00(CAN) / €81.95(FR) paperback: £24.99(UK) / $35.95 (US) / $51.95 (CAN) / €37.93 (FR)

GMA can also be ordered by telephone through: +44 1264 343071 or 08700 768853 (please have your credit/debit card ready)

by fax: +44 207 842 2309

or send the completed form (PDF flyer) by post to:

Rachel Lawrence, Routledge, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE England, UK.

Genetically Modified Athletes: The Book by Professor Andy Miah

Geneticaly Modified Athletes was published in 2004 by Routledge and was translated by the Brazilian publisher Phorta in 2008.

This website provides comprehensive information about the book and the subject of gene doping in sport. To navigate, select 'Genetically Modified Athletes' from the categories in the right hand side of the page.

Reviews

“GMA provides a comprehensive analysis of how genetic technology will be used to enhance sports performance, and how our existing framework for dealing with the problem of sports doping is inadequate on both practical and ethical grounds.” Prof. Francis Fukuyama, PhD, Johns Hopkins University

“Andy Miah provides an incisive analysis of some of the most difficult issues facing anti-doping authorities. The research is thorough, the argument is perceptive and the conclusions are challenging. Compulsory reading for anyone interested in the future of anti-doping policy." Prof. Barrie Houlihan, PhD, Loughborough University

[GMA] is a must-read for anyone who considers seriously the future of sports performance, and the position of gene science in establishing an exciting yet level terrain for athletes. It at once calls our attention to social constructionist understandings of the body as a mediator of cultural values, and at the same time, highlights a series of sobering thoughts (at least for social scientists) about sports bodies as genetically determined. Ultimately, the text is invaluable for researchers seeking an advanced institutional analysis of how sports policies regarding the body are developed, promulgated and resisted within sporting institutions, and informed by social processes (that is, the techno-medical development of human bodies) emanating far away from sports fields. Dr Michael Atkinson, Sport in Society

It will play a vital role in future debates regarding both the ethics of genetic manipulation and, more generally, of doping and performance enhancement. The book should be read and considered carefully by scholars in sports studies, bioethicists, sport-policy makers, coaches, administrators, journalists, and, perhaps most importantly, athletes. Dr Ian Ritchie, Sociology of Sport Journal.

Miah understands better than the majority of us how tomorrow’s world may look. A glimpse into tomorrow’s world, where the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science-NBIC are becoming daily realities, might make us think that Miah’s opinion is plausible. Dorin Festeu, European Sports Management Quarterly

Miah's book is a thought-provoking read that raises important questions about sport and society. It is a truly boundary-crossing piece of work, one within which students and scholars in a number of disciplines, from sociology and law to sports studies, will find much material to mine. Guy Osborn,  Times Higher Education Supplement

Whether the notion of genetically modified athletes (or genetically modified humans in general) fills the reader with utopian joy or dystopian dread the book is of interest to a range of disciplines, uniting sports studies with interdisciplinary bioethics and policy discussions.blurred" Mark Anthony Cutter, Genomics, Society and Policy

"Genetically Modified Athletes can be highly recommended to readers interested in doping, anti-doping policies and sport, but first and foremost bioethics Dr Inge Kryger Pedersen, Scandinavian J of Medicine and Science in Sports

Genetically Modified Athletes is a book of great importance to both athletics and the greater society. In not taking a firm moral or political position, Miah forces the reader to come to grips with a rapidly changing world in which the line between science and science fiction is blurred" Melissa Donais, Yale Journal of Public Health

"This extremely interesting book is a must for everyone who takes the ethics in sports seriously....it is compulsory reading for anyone interested in the future of the athletes and the sports in the forthcoming 'era' of genetically engineered sports person." Fadil Ozyener, MD, PhD, University Medical School, Turkey for Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

"I believe that Miah's book should be compulsory reading on all Sports Medicine courses because it will promote debate, challenge consensus and make people think.' Prof. Dr. Andy Smith, FBASES, York and St John College for British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine Today

Select list of Academic Citations/Reviews

  1. Mazanov, J. (2009). "Without bounds: A cosmopolitan research agenda for drugs in sport." Sport in Society 12(3): 411 - 422.
  2. Mazanov, J. (2009). "Debating the role of drugs in sport: a reader." Sport in Society 12(3): 296 - 312.
  3. Mazanov, J. and V. McDermott (2009). "The case for a social science of drugs in sport." Sport in Society 12(3): 276 - 295.
  4. McNamee, M.J. (2008) Sports, Virtues and Vices. Oxon and New York, Routledge.
  5. Kious, B. M. (2008). "Philosophy on Steroids: why the anti-doping position could use a little enhancement." Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 29: 213-234.
  6. Stein, D.J. (2008) Philosophy of Psychopharmacology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.118.
  7. More, Pete. (2008) Enhancing Me: The Hope and the Hype of Human Enhancement (Science Museum TechKnow Series), John Wiley & Sons, p.249.
  8. Christian Lenk, Nils Hoppe & Roberto Andorno (2007) Ethics and Law of Intellectual Property: Current Problems in Politics, Science and Technology (Applied Legal Philosophy), Ashgate, p.84.
  9. Heinemann Educational Publishers (2007) Perspectives on Science: The History, Philosophy and Ethics of Science.
  10. Kok, F. (2007) Personalized Nutrition: Principles and Applications, p.167.
  11. Green R.M. (2007) Babies by Design: The Ethics of Genetic Choice. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  12. Petróczi, A. (2007). "Attitudes and doping: a structural equation analysis of the relationship between athletes' attitudes, sport orientation and doping behaviour Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 2(34): doi:10.1186/1747-597X-2-34.
  13. Davids, K. and J. Baker (2007). "Genes, Environment and Sport Performance: Why the Nature-Nurture Dualism is no Longer Relevant." Sports Medicine 37(11): 961-980.
  14. Mitchell, C. B., E. D. Pellegrino, et al. (2007). Biotechnology and the Human Good. Washington, DC., Georgetown University Press.
  15. TWINE, R. (2007) Thinking across species - a critical bioethics approach to enhancement. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 28, 509-523.
  16. D'ANDREA, A. C. (2006) Federalizing Bioethics. Texas Law Review, 83, 1663.
  17. Houlihan, B.M.J. (2006) GMA Review, European Physical Education Review, 12(3), 382-384.
  18. Foddy, B. (2006), 'The ethics of genetic testing in sport', International SportsMed Journal, 7, 3, 216-224.
  19. Cavanagh, S. L. and H. Sykes (2006). "Transsexual Bodies at the Olympics: The International Olympic Committee's Policy on Transsexual Athletes at the 2004 Athens Summer Games." Body & Society 12(3): 75-102.
  20. Parks, J. B., J. Quarterman, et al., Eds. (2006). Contemporary Sport Management (Third Edition). Champaign, IL., Human Kinetics.
  21. Sheridan, H., B. Pasveer, et al. (2006). "Gene-Talk and Sport-Talk: A View from the Radical Middle Ground." European Journal of Sport Science 6(4): 223-230.
  22. Culbertson, L. (2006). "Book Review: Genetically Modified Athletes." Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 33(1).
  23. Tamburrini, C. (2006). "Are Doping Sanctions Justified? A Moral Relativistic View." Sport in Society 9(2): 199-211.
  24. Atkinson, M. (2006). "Book Review: Genetically Modified Athletes." Sport in Society 9(1): 172-175.
  25. Shanks, Pete. (2005) Human Genetic Engineering: A Guide for Activists, Skeptics and the Very Perplexed, Nation Books.
  26. Moates, A. (2005). "Sports Medicine and Ethics." Chisholm Health Ethics Bulletin 11(2): 6-9.
  27. Pincock, S. (2005). "Gene Doping." The Lancet: Special Supplement on Sport and Medicine 366(S18-S19).
  28. Belyaletdinov, R.R. (2005) Divnyi novyi sport (Brave New Sports), Chelovek, #5, 169-173 [Russian Academy of Science]
  29. Jonsson, Kutte. (2005) Cyborgatleterna äh här?! Om genus, “genfuskare” och idrottens hybrider, Idrottsforum, 1-13.
  30. Ellliott, C. (2005) The Soul of a New Machine: Bioethicists in the Bureaucracy, Cambridge Quarterly for Healthcare Ethics; 14:4. 379-384.
  31. Ian Ritchie (2005) Book Review." Sociology of Sport Journal, 22, 239-241.
  32. Osborn, G. (2005). Uphill race for GM sprinters? Book Review. Times Higher Education Supplement. London: 24.
  33. Cutter, A. M. (2005). "Book Review." Genomics, Society and Policy 1(2): 94-96.
  34. Festeu, D. (2005) Book Review, GMA, European Sport Management Quarterly, 5(1), 95-97.
  35. Cashmore, E. (2005) Making Sense of Sports. London & New York: Routledge
  36. Donais, M. (2005) Book Review, Yale Journal of Public Health
  37. Pederson, I. K. (2005). "Book Review." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 15: 65-66.
  38. Jönsson, K. (2004). "Genetiskt modifierade idrottare." Idrottsforum 26 October: http://idrottsforum.org/reviews/items/jonkut_gma.html.
  39. Hilvoorde, Ivo van. (2004) Topsport en gendoping. Grenzen aan sport, opsporing en geloofwaardigheid. In Krisis. Tijdschrift voor empirische filosofie, 5(4), 5-21.
  40. Ozyener, F. (2004). "Book Review:." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 3: 197.
  41. Hosta, M. (2004). "Book Review of Genetically Modified Athletes." Druzboslovne Razprave 20(46).
  42. Turner, L. (2004, August 13). Book Review: Ready, Steady…Modify, The Lancet 364:9434, pp.573-4.
  43. Tooby-Smith, A. (13 July, 2004) Gene Doping, British Association of Sports Medicine Today, 2.
  44. McNamee, M. J. (2004). "Philosophy of Sport." Nursing Philosophy 5(2): 182-183.
  45. Córdova, M. Á. (2004). ATLETAS TRANSGÉNICOS: ¿MITO O REALIDAD? Presente: Diario Del Sureste. Mexico: http://www.diariopresente.com.mx/Portal/ArticleView.php?article_id=9919

Book Contents of Genetically Modified Athletes

Foreword by Thomas H. Murray Editors' Preface

Author's Preface

INTRODUCTION: ANTI-DOPING AND PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT Why genetics now?: An Introduction I: Why Not Dope?…It’s Still About the Health II: Forget Drugs & the Ideology of Harmonisation

CONCEPTUALISING GENETICS IN SPORT III: What is Possible? Imminent Applications for the GM athlete IV: Interests, Politics, & Ways of Reasoning

THE ETHICAL STATUS OF GM IN SPORT V: Humanness, Dignity, and Autonomy VI: Personhood, Identity, & the Ethics of Authenticity VII: Virus, Disease, Illness, Health, Well-Being…and Enhancement VIII: Unfair Advantages & Other Harms

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ATHLETES IX: Enhancing, Altering, or Manipulating People? X: Sport Needs Genetic Modification XI: Conclusions & Implications

Genetic doping in sports causes concern

Genetic doping in sports causes concernThe World Today - Thursday, 27 July , 2006  12:46:00 Reporter: Michael Edwards ELEANOR HALL: Some scientists are predicting that if genetic doping is allowed to continue unchecked, athletes will soon be running 100 metres in eight seconds and clearing three-metre high jumps.

But a conference in Sydney is being told that this brave new world could be extremely dangerous.

Genetic doping uses DNA fragments to change a person's genetic structure. It's already widespread particularly in endurance events like cycling.

Michael Edwards was at the conference in Sydney and filed this report.

Play the Game

A collection of resources on gene doping is now available at the PtG website:

GENE DOPING

Scientists say the genetically engineered athletes could realistically be right around the corner.

But what is gene doping? What will the consequences be? And how wide spread is gene enhancement methods at present?

Learn more about the progress of gene doping and explore questions and answers surrounding this sensitive issue on Play the Game's theme page on gene doping.

Scientist finds the speed genes

Scientist finds the speed genes DNA analysis can take the guesswork out of the ancient art of producing a champion, says geneticist

Greg Wood Tuesday March 21, 2006 The Guardian <http://www.guardian.co.uk>  

A British scientist yesterday claimed to have made a "historic breakthrough" in the study of thoroughbred genetics, after a six-year research project produced the first proof of a relationship between specific genes and the individual performances of racehorses.

The results of the study by Dr Stephen Harrison, whose company Thoroughbred Genetics is based in Kent, will be published next month in the peer- reviewed journal Mitochondrian....

Genetic doping cheats could find that it's all downhill after Turin

Genetic doping cheats could find that it's all downhill after Turin MICHAEL BUTCHER , Scotland on Sunday

IF SALT Lake is remembered among drug-busters as the Darbepoetin Olympics, Turin is likely to be its Repoxygen equivalent. The difference is that, since Repoxygen is a genetic doping product, there is less likelihood that anyone will be caught using it.

Fears that gene doping is a reality

Fears that gene doping is a reality 3 February 2006 Play The Game

Fears that gene doping has become a reality are emerging in Germany in connection with a court case against former athletics coach, Thomas Springstein. In court, the prosecutor submitted as evidence an e-mail that Springstein sent to a doctor for a Dutch speedskating team asking for instructions on how to buy Repoxygen - a substance which activates a gene that stimulates the body's own EPO production.....

Korea fears for gene doping

Korea fears for gene dopingBy Rick Wallace. Fox Sports

March 23, 2006

RENEGADE states such as North Korea could emerge as the pioneers of genetic doping of athletes in the lead-up to the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, a leading gene scientist has warned.

Professor John Lasko told a forum on drugs in sport yesterday that rogue scientists could develop undetectable gene-doping techniques to give athletes a dramatic and permanent increase in performance.

WADA Gene Doping Stockholm Symposium (December, 2005)

WADA Gene Doping Symposium Reaches Conclusions and Recommendations Stockholm, 5 December, 2005 - The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), in collaboration with the Karolinska Institute and the Swedish Sports Confederation, held a workshop meeting in Stockholm on the subject of gene doping in sport on 4-5 December 2005.

The meeting was the second such meeting sponsored by WADA, the first being the workshop held at the Banbury Center, Long Island, New York, in March 2002. The Stockholm meeting included more than 50 participants from 15 countries and included geneticists and other biomedical scientists, ethicists, public policy experts, representatives of the International Olympic Committee, and the broad international sports community.

“In gathering top experts in various fields related to gene transfer, this symposium has helped us measure the progress of gene therapy and of detection methods for the potential misuse of gene doping by athletes, as well as broaden our perspective of the global issue,” said Dr Olivier Rabin, WADA Science Director. “Most experts do not think that gene transfer is being used by athletes yet. But we know that some athletes may be tempted to use it one day to enhance their performance. That is why WADA takes the issue so seriously.”

The participants discussed the current scientific, ethical and public policy issues related to the possibility of gene transfer for the purpose of enhancing athletic performance and reached agreement on the following principles and conclusions:

Clinical results indicate that gene transfer for the purpose of therapy (gene therapy) now represents a proven, although very immature and still experimental field of human medicine and is an important area of biomedical research with great promise for the uniquely effective correction of many other serious and intractable human diseases.

Clinical research in human gene therapy is filled with many recognized and unrecognized pitfalls and dangers. All gene transfer procedures in human subjects and patients should be required to abide by established principles and codes governing gene transfer on human subjects, with special emphasis on full disclosure of the nature and dangers of a procedure and fully informed consent by participants. Such manipulations should also be carried out strictly in accordance with existing local and national rules and regulations for gene transfer on human subjects.

The participation of physicians and other licensed professionals in gene transfer procedures that are not fully compliant with such standards of human clinical research and human experimentation should be considered medical malpractice and/or professional misconduct.

Greater interactions should be encouraged among the sports community, professional scientific organizations, licensing agencies and clinical research oversight bodies to stimulate awareness of the potential illicit use of gene transfer techniques for athletic and other enhancement purposes and to develop appropriate sanction mechanisms for illegal/or unethical application of gene transfer in sport. Public discussion on the prospect of gene-based enhancement should be promoted.

The vigorous research program that has been instituted by WADA has led to significant progress toward a better understanding of the genetic and physiological effects of doping and of scientifically rigorous methods for more effective detection of pharmacological and gene-based doping. Scientific progress made through the WADA-supported research studies that were summarized at the conference suggests that new detection methods are likely to emerge and will help to prevent tainting of sport by gene doping. Research programs instituted by WADA and other anti-doping organizations should be supported. Academic, private and government research organizations should be encouraged to dedicate resources to further progress to deter gene doping.

The use of genetic information to select for or discriminate against athletes should be strongly discouraged. This principle does not apply to legitimate medical screening or research.

Sports organizations at all levels, from student and amateur levels to international elite levels, should promote knowledge about the potential dangers associated with the misuse of genetic manipulations for athletic enhancement.

“Issues related to gene transfer are multiple,” said Karolinska Institutet’s Professor Arne Ljungqvist, Chair of WADA Health, Medical and Research Committee. “This fruitful meeting has helped address them and reached very encouraging conclusions. We will continue to work hard and to dedicate significant resources to the development of detection methods and policies so that gene doping never becomes a major issue in sport.”

“The symposium has sent a further shot across the bow of those who think we will not be able to detect gene doping,” added Professor Theodore Friedmann, Chair of WADA Gene Doping Panel. “My advice to them is: don’t be so sure. This is a very dangerous road to proceed on, and we will be ready to halt the traffic.”

For more information on gene doping, visit WADA's Web site at www.wada-ama.org <http://www.wada-ama.org/en/> .